Deflection of Beams

Chapter Objectives
Determine the deflection and slope at specific points on beams

and shafts, using various analytical methods including:
The integration method
The use of discontinuity functions
The method of superposition
1
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
In-class Activities
1. Applications
2. Elastic Curve
3. Integration Method
4. Use of discontinuity functions
5. Method of superposition
2
APPLICATIONS
3
ELASTIC CURVE
The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

passes through the centroid of each cross-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve, which is
characterized by the deflection and slope along the
curve
4
ELASTIC CURVE (cont)
Moment-curvature relationship:
Sign convention:
convex
5
ELASTIC CURVE (cont)
Consider a segment of width dx, the strain in are ds,

located at a position y from the neutral axis is = (ds
ds)/ds. However, ds = dx = d and ds = (-y) d, and
so = [( y) d d ] / (d), or
Comparing with the Hookes Law

= / E and the flexure formula
= -My/I
1 M
1
or
EI
Ey
6
SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION
Kinematic relationship between radius of curvature
and location x:
d 2 y dx 2
1 dy dx
232
Then using the moment curvature equation, we have

M
1

EI
d 2 y dx 2
1 dy dx
2 3/ 2
d2y
dx 2
7

INTEGRATION (cont)
Sign convention:
8

INTEGRATION (cont)
Boundary Conditions:
The integration constants can be
determined by imposing the boundary
conditions, or
Continuity condition at specific locations
9
EXAMPLE 1
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. 1210a is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
10
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive direction, Fig.
1210b, we have
M Px
Applying Eq. 1210 and integrating twice yields
EI
d2y
dx 2
Px
(1)
dy
Px 2
EI
C1
dx
2
Px 3
EIy
C1x C2
6
(2)
(3)
11
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Using the boundary conditions dy/dx = 0 at x = L and y = 0 at x = L,

equations 2 and 3 become
PL2
0
C1
2
PL3
0
C1 L C2
6
PL2
PL3
C1
and C2
2
3
Substituting these results, we get
P 2
L x2
2 EI
P
y
x 3 3L2 x 2 L3
6 EI
(Ans)
12
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),

2
PL
A
2 EI
(4)
PL3
yA
3EI
(5)
If this beam was designed without a factor of safety by assuming the

allowable normal stress is equal to the yield stress is 250 MPa; then a
W310 x 39 would be found to be adequate (I = 84.4(106)mm4)
30 5 2 1000 2
2 200 84.4 106
yA
30 5 2 1000 2
0.0222 rad
3 200 84.4 10
74.1 mm
13
EXAMPLE 2
The simply supported beam shown in Fig. 1211a supports the
triangular distributed loading. Determine its maximum
deflection. EI is constant.
14
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,
0 x L/2
The equation for the distributed loading is w
2 w0
x.
L
Hence
M NA 0;
w0 x x w0 L
x 0
M

L 3
4
w0 x 2 w0 L
M
x
3L
4
15
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Integrating twice, we have
d2y
w0 3 w0 L
EI
M
x
x
2
3L
4
dx
w0 4 w0 L 2
dy
EI
x
x C1
dx
12 L
8
w0 5 w0 L 3
EIy
x
x C1x C2
60 L
24
For boundary condition, y 0, x 0 and dy dx 0, x L 2
3
5w0 L
C1
, C2 0
192
16
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Hence
w0 5 w0 L 3 5w0 L3
EIy
x
x
x
60 L
24
192
For maximum deflection at x = L/2,
w0 L4
ymax
120 EI
(Ans)
17
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Macaulay functions
18
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Macaulay functions
xa
for x a
for x a
x a n
na
Integration of Macaulay functions:
x a dx
xa
n 1
n 1
19
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)
Singularity Functions:
w P xa
w M0 x a
0 for x a
P for x a
for x a
0
M 0 for x a
20
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)
Note: Integration of these two singularity functions

yields results that are different from those of Macaulay
functions. Specifically,
x a dx x a
n 1
, n 1,2
Examples of how to use discontinuity functions to

describe the loading or internal moment in a beam:
21
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in Fig.
1218a. EI is constant.
22
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 1218a. The boundary conditions

require zero displacement at A and B.
The loading function for the beam can be written as
w 8 x 0
6 x 10
23
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
Integrating, we have
0
V 8 x 0 6 x 10
In a similar manner,
1
M 8 x 0 6 x 10
8 x 6 x 10 kN m
1
Integrating twice yields

2
EI
d y
8 x x 10
dx 2
dy
2
EI
4 x 2 3 x 10 C1
dx
4 3
3
EIy x x 10 C1x C2 (1)
3
24
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
From Eq. 1, the boundary condition y = 0 at x = 10 m and at x = 30 m

gives
0 1333 10 10 C1 10 C2
3
0 36000 30 10 C1 30 C2
3
C1 1333 and C2 12000
Thus,
dy
2
2
EI
4 x 3 x 10 1333 (2)
dx
4 3
3
EIy x x 10 1333 x 12000 (3)
3
25
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
To obtain the displacement of C, set x = 0 in Eq. 3.
12000
yC
kN m3 (Ans)
EI
The negative sign indicates that the displacement is downward as shown

in Fig. 1218a
To locate point D, use Eq. 2 with x > 10 and dy/dx = 0,

2
0 x 3 xD 10 1333
2
D
xD2 60 xD 1633 0
Solving for the positive root, xD 20.3 m
26
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
Hence, from Eq. 3,
4
EIy D 20.3 3 20.3 10 3 1333 20.3 12000
3
5006
yD
kN m3
EI
Comparing this value with vC, we see that ymax = yC.
27
EXAMPLE 4
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilevered
beam shown in Fig. 1219a. EI is constant.
28
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
The boundary conditions require zero slope and displacement at A.
The support diagram reactions at A have been calculated by statics and

are shown on the free-body,
w 52 x 0
258 x 0
x0
50 x 5
8 x 5
29
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Since
dV dx w x and dM dx V
0
V 52 x 0 258 x 0
8 x 0 50 x 5
8 x5
1
0
1 1
2
0
2
M 258 x 0 52 x 0 8 x 0 50 x 5 8 x 5
2
2
258 52 x 4 x 2 50 x 5 4 x 5 kN m
Integrating twice, we have
EI
d2y
258 52 x 4 x 2 50 x 5
4 x5
dx 2
dy
4
1 4
3
EI
258 x 26 x 2 x 3 50 x 5 x 5 C1
dx
3
3
26 3 1 4
2 1
4
EIy 129 x 2
x x 25 x 5 x 5 C1x C2
3
3
3
30
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
Since dy/dx = 0, x = 0, C1 = 0; and y = 0, C2 = 0. Thus
1
2 1
2 26 3 1 4
y
x x 25 x 5 x 5
129 x
EI
3
3
3
m (Ans)
31
STATISTICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

AND SHAFT
Definition:
A member of any type is classified statically
indeterminate if the number of unknown reactions
exceeds the available number of equilibrium equations,
e.g. a continuous beam having 4 supports
32
STATISTICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

AND SHAFT (cont)
Strategy:
The additional support reactions on the beam or shaft

that are not needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are
called redundants. It is first necessary to specify those
redundant from conditions of geometry known as
compatibility conditions.
Once determined, the redundants are then applied to

the beam, and the remaining reactions are determined
from the equations of equilibrium.
33
EXAMPLE 5 USE OF THE INTEGRATRION METHOD

The beam is subjected to the distributed loading shown in Fig.
1234a. Determine the reaction at A. EI is constant.
34
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 1234a. Only one coordinate x is

needed.
The beam is indeterminate to the first degree as indicated from the freebody diagram, Fig. 1234b
1
x3
M Ay x w0
6
L
Applying Eq. 1210, we have

d2y
1
x3
EI
Ay x wo
2
6
L
dx
dy 1
1
x4
2
EI
Ay x
wo
C1
dx 2
24
L
1
1
x5
3
EIy Ay x
wo
C1x C2
6
120
L
35
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
The 3 unknowns Ay, C1 and C2 are determined from the boundary

conditions x = 0 and y = 0; x = L, dv/dx = 0; and x = L, y = 0.
Applying these conditions yields,
x 0, y 0;
0 0 0 0 C2
dy
x L,
0;
dx
1
1
2
0 Ay L
w0 L3 C1
2
24
1
1
0 Ay L3
w0 L4 C1L C2
6
120
x L, y 0;
Solving,
1
w0 L (Ans)
10
1
C1
w0 L3
C2 0
120
Ay
36
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

Procedures:
Elastic Curve
Specify the unknown redundant forces or moments

that must be removed from the beam in order to make
it statistically determinate and stable.
Using the principle of superposition, draw the

statistically indeterminate beam and show it equal to a
sequence of corresponding statistically determinate
beams.
37

(cont)
Procedures:
Elastic Curve (cont)
The first of these beams, the primary beam, supports

the same external loads as the statistically
indeterminate beam, and each of the other beams
added to the primary beam shows the beam loaded
with a separate redundant force or moment.
Sketch the deflection curve for each beam and indicate

the symbolically the displacement or slope at the point
of each redundant force or moment.
38

(cont)
Procedures:
Compatibility Equations
Write a compatibility equation for the displacement or

slope at each point where there is a redundant force or
moment.
Determine all the displacements or slopes using an

appropriate method as explained in Secs. 12.2 through
12.5.
39

(cont)
Procedures:
Compatibility Equations (cont)
Substitute the results into the compatibility equations

and solve for the unknown redundant.
If the numerical value for a redundant is positive, it has

the same sense of direction as originally assumed.
Similarly, a negative numerical value indicates the
redundant acts opposite to its assumed sense of
direction.
40

(cont)
Procedures:
Equilibrium Equations
Once the redundant forces and/or

moments have been determined,
the remaining unknown reactions
can be found from the equations of
equilibrium applied to the loadings
shown on the beams free body
diagram.
41
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the reactions at the roller support B of the beam
shown in Fig. 1244a, then draw the shear and moment
diagrams. EI is constant.
42
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
By inspection, the beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree.
Taking positive displacement as downward, the compatibility equation at

B is
0 yB y'B
(1)
Displacements can be obtained from Appendix C.
wL4 5 PL3 83.25 kN m3

yB
8 EI 48 EI
EI
3
PL
y'B
3EI
9 m3 B y
EI
43
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
Substituting into Eq. 1 and solving yields
83.25 9 B y
0
EI
EI
B y 9.25 kN
44
EXAMPLE 7
Determine the moment at B for the beam shown in Fig. 1246a.
EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
45
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Since the axial load on the beam is neglected, there will be a vertical
force and moment at A and B.
Referring to the displacement and slope at B,

we require
0 B ' 'B
0 y B y'B y' 'B
(1)
(2)
46
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Use Appx C to calculate slopes and displacements,

wL3 12 kN m3
B
48 EI
EI
7 wL4
42 kN m3
yB
384 EI
EI
PL2 8 B y
'B
2 EI
EI
PL3 21.33B y
y'B
3EI
EI
ML 4 M B
' 'B
EI
EI
ML2 8M B
y' 'B
2 EI
EI
47
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solutions
Substituting these values into Eqs. 1 and 2 and cancelling out the
common factor EI, we get
0 12 8 B y 4 M B
0 42 21.33B y 8M B
Solving these equations simultaneously gives

B y 3.375 kN
M B 3.75 kN m (Ans)
48
Example 8
Determine the reactions at the roller A, B
and pin at C. EI is constant.
Draw the shear force and bending
moment diagrams.
49
Example 9
Determine the reactions at the supports A
and B. EI is constant.
Draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams.
50

Deflection of Beams

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Deflection of Beams

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Chapter Objectives

Determine the deflection and slope at specific points on beams

The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

ELASTIC CURVE (cont)

ELASTIC CURVE (cont)

Consider a segment of width dx, the strain in are ds,

Comparing with the Hookes Law

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

Then using the moment curvature equation, we have

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

Continuity condition at specific locations

Applying Eq. 1210 and integrating twice yields

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Using the boundary conditions dy/dx = 0 at x = L and y = 0 at x = L,

Substituting these results, we get

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),

If this beam was designed without a factor of safety by assuming the

2 200 84.4 106

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Integrating twice, we have

For maximum deflection at x = L/2,

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Integration of Macaulay functions:

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)

Note: Integration of these two singularity functions

Examples of how to use discontinuity functions to

The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 1218a. The boundary conditions

The loading function for the beam can be written as

Integrating twice yields

From Eq. 1, the boundary condition y = 0 at x = 10 m and at x = 30 m

C1 1333 and C2 12000

To obtain the displacement of C, set x = 0 in Eq. 3.

The negative sign indicates that the displacement is downward as shown

To locate point D, use Eq. 2 with x > 10 and dy/dx = 0,

Hence, from Eq. 3,

Comparing this value with vC, we see that ymax = yC.

The boundary conditions require zero slope and displacement at A.

The support diagram reactions at A have been calculated by statics and

Integrating twice, we have

Since dy/dx = 0, x = 0, C1 = 0; and y = 0, C2 = 0. Thus

STATISTICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

STATISTICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

The additional support reactions on the beam or shaft

Once determined, the redundants are then applied to

EXAMPLE 5 USE OF THE INTEGRATRION METHOD

The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 1234a. Only one coordinate x is

Applying Eq. 1210, we have

The 3 unknowns Ay, C1 and C2 are determined from the boundary

Applying these conditions yields,

USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

Specify the unknown redundant forces or moments

Using the principle of superposition, draw the

USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

The first of these beams, the primary beam, supports

Sketch the deflection curve for each beam and indicate

USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

Write a compatibility equation for the displacement or