Flue Gas

Cooling Water

Latent Heat Addition in

Evaporator (constt. Pressure)
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Super Heating

Sensible heat Addition in

Economizer
Adiabatic Expansion in
Turbine
Pump Work

L+V

Constant Pressure Heat

Rejection in Condenser

ENTROPY

BASIC RANKINE CYCLE (SUB-CRITICAL)

EFFECTS OF LOWERING THE CONDENSER PRESSURE

Lowering condenser pressure lowers the
temperature at which condensation
takes place thereby increasing the cycle
efficiency.
LIMITATION AND SIDE EFFECTS :
Lower limit is the saturation pressure
corresponding to the temperature of
cooling media.
Creates possibility of Air Leakage into
the condenser
Increases moisture content of the steam
at the final stages of turbine that
decreases the turbine efficiency and
causes erosion in turbine blades.

EFFECT OF SUPERHEAT
Superheating the steam to higher
temperature without increasing the
boiler pressure increases thermal
efficiency.
It also decreases the moisture content
of the steam at the turbine exit.

LIMITATION:
Highest temperature of superheated
steam is limited by the metallurgical
constraint.

EFFECT OF INCREASING THE INLET

PRESSURE
Increasing the inlet pressure
raises the mean temperature
at which heat is added in the
boiler thereby increasing the
efficiency.
Side Effects:
Increases moisture content at
the final stages of the turbine
that decreases the turbine
efficiency and erodes turbine
blades.

NEED FOR HIGHER CYCLE EFFICIENCY

COMMERCIAL REQUIREMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENT

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ENTROPY

RANKINE CYCLE (SUPERCRITICAL)

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF

RANKINE CYCLE
Efficiency of fossil fired power plants can be increased by increasing the
pressure and temperature of the steam at the turbine inlet, if possible,
even beyond the critical point of water ie supercritical state.
Increased efficiency of the Rankine-Steam Power Cycle results in
decreased amounts of fossil fuel consumed and emissions generated
besides lowering the per unit generation cost.
An increase in power plant efficiency from 30% to 50% is estimated to
decrease CO2 emission by nearly 30%.
To allow these increases, advanced materials are needed that are able to
withstand higher temperatures and pressures in terms of :
Strength,
Creep, and
oxidation resistance.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRUM TYPE BOILER

AND ONCE THROUGH BOILER
DRUM TYPE BOILER

ONCE THOUGH BOILER

STEAM FLOW RATE IS CONTROLLED

BY THE FUEL FIRING RATE.

STEAM FLOW RATE IS ESTABLISHED

BY THE BOILER FEED-WATER PUMP.

SUPERHEAT STEAM TEMPERATURE

IS DETERMINED BY THE PROPER
SIZING OF THE SUPERHEATER HEAT
TRANSFER SURFACE AND IS
CONTROLLED BY SPRAY WATER
ATTEMPERATION.

SUPERHEAT TEMPERATURE IS
CONTROLLED BY THE FUEL FIRING
RATE

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
MOST IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE EVAPORATIVE CIRCUIT IN AN
OTU:

MINIMIZE PEAK TUBE METAL TEMPERATURES.

LIMIT THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN

ADJACENT ENCLOSURE TUBES.

PREVENT DEPARTURE FROM NUCLEATE BOILING.

SUPPRESS DRYOUT.

DRUM TYPE BOILERS ARE

DESIGNED FOR SUFFICIENTLY HIGH
CIRCULATION RATE HENCE THE
WATER PASSING THROUGH THE
TUBING NEVER COMPLETELY
EVAPORATES TO STEAM AND A
LIQUID FILM IS MAINTAINED ON
THE TUBE WALL SO THAT DNB
AND/OR DRYOUT DO NOT OCCUR.

WITH THE HIGH HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT RESULTING FROM
NUCLEATE BOILING, ALL THE
EVAPORATOR TUBES REMAIN AT
ESSENTIALLY THE SATURATION
TEMPERATURE FOR THE OPERATING
PRESSURE OF THE BOILER.