COURSE INTRODUCTION

Heat Transfer
Pemindahan Haba
KM30403
Prerequisite: KM21102 Engineering Thermo
KM30803 Applied Thermo

Pn. Fadzlita Mohd Tamiri

fadzlita@ums.edu.my

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course discusses the fundamentals of heat
transfer including three modes: conduction,
convection and radiation. In conduction mode,
steady-state and unsteady state heat transfer are
covered for one and two dimensions. For a
convection mode, it is divided into categories; free
and forced convection heat transfer applied in
laminar and turbulent flow either external or internal
flows. Radiation heat transfer includes the equations
for overall emissitivity and view factor (F) for simple
planes that are in common geometric relationships
with each other. Different types of heat exchangers
are also discussed including their designs.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Students learn how to use the concepts of
thermodynamics
and
formulate
engineering problems in the three modes
of heat transfer and obtain mathematical
solutions using a variety of techniques in
calculus and differential equations. In
teams, students learn how to solve heat
transfer problems through assignments /
small projects.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1) Ability to demonstrate knowledge on the basic
concept and mechanism of heat transfer, which
are conduction, convection and radiation
2) Ability to develop thermal resistance networks for
practical heat transfer problems
3) Ability to identify the related equations to heat
transfer mechanisms and problems
4) Ability to analyse and solve engineering
problems and applications using all of the above.
5) Ability to apply knowledge to enable the analysis
and design of heat exchangers.

REFERENCES
Yunus A. Cengel , Afshin A. Ghajar (2011),
Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Yunus A. Cengel (2008), Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer, 2nd Edition,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Dr. Harimi Mohamed (2007/2008), Heat Transfer
KM4313: Elective I.
J.P. Holman (2002), Heat Transfer, 9th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Education, Singapore.
Frank Kreith, Raj M. Malik & Mark S. Bohn
(2011), Principles of Heat Transfer, 7th Edition,
Cengage Learning.

EVALUATION SYSTEM
Quizzes
Assignment
Test 1
Test 2
Final Exam
Total

5%
25%
10%
10%
50%
100%

Attendance is COMPULSORY

COURSE SCHEDULE

Weeks

Topics / Contents

1-2

Introduction
Overview of Heat Transfer

3-5

Conduction (Steadystate)
Conduction (Unsteady-state)

6-8

Convection Heat Transfer

9-11

Radiation Heat Transfer

12-13
14

Heat Exchangers
Revision

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

The science of thermodynamics deals
with the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another, and makes no
reference to how long the process will take.
The science of heat transfer deals
with the determination of the rates
of energy that can be transferred
from one system to another as a
result of temperature difference.

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium

states and changes from one equilibrium
state to another. Heat transfer, on the other
hand, deals with systems that lack thermal
equilibrium, and thus it is a nonequilibrium
phenomenon.
Therefore, the study of heat transfer cannot
be based on the principles of
thermodynamics alone.
However, the laws of thermodynamics lay
the framework for the science of heat
transfer.

DEFINITION
Heat or Thermal energy is related to
temperature of matter
For a given material & mass, the higher the
temperature, the greater its thermal energy.
Heat Transfer is a study of the exchange of
thermal energy through a body or between
bodies which occur when there is a
temperature difference.
Heat transfers from the one with higher
temperature to one with lower temperature
(hot to cold)

Heat Transfer
The basic requirement for heat transfer is the
presence of a temperature difference.
The second law requires that heat
be transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
The temperature difference is the driving force for
heat transfer.
The rate of heat transfer in a certain direction
depends on the magnitude of the temperature
gradient in that direction.
The larger the temperature gradient, the higher
the rate of heat transfer.

Application Areas of Heat

Transfer

Units & Conversion Factors For Heat

Measurement
SI Units
1J

USCS Units
9.4787x10-4 Btu

Heat Transfer
Rate

1 J/s or 1 W

3.4123 Btu/hr

Heat Flux

1 W/m2

0.3171 Btu/h ft2

Thermal Energy

Physical Properties
Density
Mass of fluid contained in a unit volume
=m/V

Dynamic Viscosity
Property of a fluid, resistance to shear
deformation
= du/dy

Kinematic Viscosity
Ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density
=/

Thermal Conductivity
Measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat
Fouriers law of conduction

Specific Heat
Amount of heat that is required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass by one degree in a
constant pressure process

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Change in the density as a function of temperature
at constant pressure

Thermal Diffusivity
Ratio of heat conducted through the material to the
heat stored per unit volume

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Transfer of heat through solids or
stationery fluids
Convection
Uses the movement of fluids to transfer
heat
Radiation
Uses electromagnetic radiation emitted by
an object for exchanging heat , does not
require a medium
Or a combination of them

Conduction
Lattice vibration
Particle collision
Solids with free electrons (metals):
Hot side electrons moves faster than cool side
electrons
Faster electrons give energy to slower electrons
Equilibrium: electrons moving at the same average
velocity

Conduction through electrons collision more

effective than lattice vibration
Metals are better heat conductors than ceramic

Conduction
Fluids: conduction occurs through collisions
between freely moving molecules.
Thermal conductivity, K: measure the
effectiveness of heat transferred through a
material.

T
Q . A.
x
Negative (-) Q:
heat flowing out of body

Conduction
Thermal conductivity, K [W/mK]
1 W/mK = 0.578 Btu/hr ftF
K at 300K (540R):
Material

K (W/mK)

K(Btu/hr ftF)

Copper

399

231

Aluminum

237

137

Carbon steel 1%C

43

25

Glass

0.81

0.47

Plastic

0.2-0.3

0.12-0.17

Water

0.6

0.35

Air

0.026

0.02

Conduction
Problems:
1.One surface of a 2-cm-thick copper plate is
maintained at 300K and the other surface at
250K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per
unit area through the plate (K=401 W/mK).
2.Calculate the rate of heat transfer through a
glass window (K=0.81 W/mK) 1m high, 0.5m
wide, 0.5cm thick, if the outer-surface
To=24C and the inner-surface Ti=24.5C.

Convection
Uses the motion of fluids to transfer heat.
Natural / free convection: fluid movement is
created by the warm fluid itself.
Density of fluid decrease as it is heated, hot
fluids rises, replaced by cool fluids
circulation of air.
Forced convection: fluid movement by
external means (eg. wind or fans)
Convection coefficient, h: measure how
effectively a fluid transfers heat by
convection.

Convection

Q h. A.(Ts T )
Convection coefficient, h [W/m2K]
Determined by factors such as the fluid
density, viscosity & velocity.
Higher fluid velocity, increase the h.

Convection
Problems:
1.Calculate the rate of heat transfer by natural
convection between a shed roof of area
20m x 20m and ambient air, roof Troof=27C,
air Tair= -3C, and h=10W/m2K.

Radiation
Does not require medium
Uses electromagnetic radiation (photons)
Radiative heat transfer occurs when emitted
radiation strikes another body and is
absorbed
Gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, IR,
microwaves, radio waves
Shorter wavelength: more energetic,
contains more heat
Longer wavelength: can penetrate through
thicker solids

Radiation
Emitted T > 0 K

Qemitted . . A.T
Qabsorbed .I

Radiation

Qabsorbed F . . . . A.T

F, shape factor: percentage of the emitted

radiation reaching the surface
For an object in an enclosure, radiative
exchange between the object and the wall,
F=1

Qenclosure object . . Aobject (Tobject T

4

4
wall

Combination of Modes of Heat

Transfer

Q Qconduction Qconvection Qradiation

Dimensionless Numbers Used In

Heat Transfer
Reynolds Number, Re
Nusselt Number, Nu
Prandtl Number, Pr
Grashof Number, Gr
Rayleigh Number, Ra
Biot Number, Bi
Fourier Number, Fo