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Mathematical Modeling of
Chemical Processes
Mathematical Model (Eykhoff, 1974)
a representation of the essential aspects of an existing
system (or a system to be constructed) which
represents knowledge of that system in a usable form
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but
no simpler.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Modeling Approaches
Physical/chemical (fundamental, global)
Model structure by theoretical analysis
Material/energy balances
Heat, mass, and momentum transfer
Thermodynamics, chemical kinetics
Physical property relationships
Model complexity must be determined
(assumptions)
Conservation Laws
Chapter 2
Conservation of Mass
rate of mass
accumulation
rate of mass
rate of mass
in
out
(2-6)
Conservation of Component i
rate of component i
accumulation
rate of component
i
in
rate of component i
out
rate of component
i
produced
(2-7)
Conservation of Energy
Chapter 2
accumulation
rate of energy in
rate of energy
out
by
convection
by
convection
by the surroundings
the surroundings
(2-8)
(2-9)
Chapter 2
linear regression
y c0 c1 x c2 x 2
Chapter 2
nonlinear regression
y K 1 e t /
number of parameters affects accuracy of model,
but confidence limits on the parameters fitted must
be evaluated
objective function for data fitting minimize sum of
squares of errors between data points and model
predictions (use optimization code to fit
parameters)
nonlinear models such as neural nets are
becoming popular (automatic modeling)
Chapter 2
Number of
births (West
Germany)
Chapter 2
rate of
rate
of
mass in
mass
out
(2-1)
or
d V
dt
w1 w2 w
(2-2)
Chapter 2
d Vx
dt
w1 x1 w2 x2 wx
(2-3)
(2-4)
0 w1x1 w2 x2 wx
(2-5)
Chapter 2
w1 w2 w
dt
d Vx
w1x1 w2 x2 wx
dt
(2-12)
(2-13)
Chapter 2
d Vx
dx
dV
V
x
(2-14)
dt
dt
dt
Substitution of (2-14) into (2-13) gives:
dx
dV
V x
w1 x1 w2 x2 wx
(2-15)
dt
dt
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for dV/dt in (2-15)
gives:
dx
V x w1 w2 w w1x1 w2 x2 wx
(2-16)
dt
After canceling common terms and rearranging (2-12) and (2-16),
a more convenient model form is obtained:
dV 1
w1 w2 w
(2-17)
dt
w2
dx w1
(2-18)
x1 x x2 x
dt V
V
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Assumptions:
1. Perfect mixing; thus, the exit temperature T is also the
temperature of the tank contents.
2. The liquid holdup V is constant because the inlet and outlet
flow rates are equal.
3. The density and heat capacity C of the liquid are assumed to
be constant. Thus, their temperature dependence is neglected.
4. Heat losses are negligible.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Model Development - I
For a pure liquid at low or moderate pressures, the internal energy
is approximately equal to the enthalpy, Uint H, and H depends
only on temperature. Consequently, in the subsequent
development, we assume that Uint = H and U int H where the
caret (^) means per unit mass. As shown in Appendix B, a
differential change in temperature, dT, produces
a corresponding
(2-29)
(2-30)
Chapter 2
Model Development - II
An expression for the rate of internal energy accumulation can be
derived from Eqs. (2-29) and (2-30):
dU int
dT
VC
(2-31)
dt
dt
Note that this term appears in the general energy balance of Eq. 210.
Suppose that the liquid in the tank is at a temperature T and has an
enthalpy, H . Integrating Eq. 2-29 from a reference temperature
Tref to T gives,
H H ref C T Tref
(2-32)
Chapter 2
H i C Ti Tref
(2-34)
C T Tref
wH w C Ti Tref w
(2-35)
(2-36)
steam-heating:
Q ws H v
dT
V C
wC (Ti T ) ws H v (1)
dt
0 wC (Ti T ) w s H v (2)
subtract (2) from (1)
dT
V C
wC (T T ) ( ws w s )H v
dt
divide by wC
H v
V dT
T T
( ws ws )
w dt
wC
Chapter 2
u ws ws
H v
H v
V dy
V
y
u
note that
K p and
1
w dt
wC
wC
w
dy
note when
0
y K pu
dt
dy
1
y K pu
dt
General linear ordinary differential equation solution: sum of exponential(s)
Suppose u 1 (unit step response)
t
1
y (t ) K p 1 e
Chapter 2
Example 1:
Ti = 40 o C, T = 90 o C, Ti = 0o C
Chapter 2
w s =0.83 106 g hr
H v =600 cal g
C=l cal g o C
w=104 kg hr
=103 kg m3
V=20 m3
V 2 104 kg
V 2 104 kg
2hr
w 104 kg hr
dy
2
= -y + 6 10-5 u
dt
y TT
u ws ws
dynamic model
Chapter 2
T(0) = T y(0) = 0
u = +0.83 10 6 g hr
dy
2
= -y + 50
dt
y = 50 l - e -0.5t
T = y ss + T = 50 + 90 = 140o C
Step 2: maintain
Step 3:final
then set
T = 140 o C / 24 hr
u = 0, w s = 833 kg hr
dy
2
= -y + 6 10-5 u, y(0) = 50
dt
Solve for u = 0
y = 50e -0.5t
t
y0
Chapter 2
Process Dynamics
Process control is inherently concerned with unsteady
state behavior (i.e., "transient response", "process
dynamics")
Chapter 2
dTe
Q - h e A(Te - T) = m e C e
dt
dT
dT
0, e 0
dt
dt
Specify Q calc. T, Te
2 first order equations 1 second order equation in T
Relate T to Q (Te is an intermediate variable)
y=T-T
u=Q-Q
Ti fixed
Chapter 2
mm e C e d 2 y m e C e m e C e m dy
1
u
2
wh e A e dt
wC
w dt
wC
heAe
Rv
1
q=
h
Rv
Chapter 2
dh
1
A
qi h
dt
Rv
P p gh
(2 - 57)
linear ODE
If
q = Cv
P - Pa
dh
*
A qi Cgh
v
dt
nonlinear ODE
P p gh
Pa : ambient pressure
q Ci hv
(2-61)
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
V , ,C
4 variables:
T , Ti , w, Q
1 equation:
Eq. 2-36
3 input variables:
Ti, w, Q
Ti, w
1 manipulated variable:
Chapter 2
Biological Reactions
Without such bioreactions, plant and animal life, as we know it, simply
could not exist.
Bioreactions
Are typically performed in a batch or fed-batch reactor.
Chapter 2
cells
(2-90)
Yield Coefficients:
mass of new cells formed
YX / S
(2-91)
mass of substrate consumed to form new cells
YP / S
(2-92)
mass of substrate consumed to form product
Chapter 2
Fed-Batch Bioreactor
Monod Equation
rg X
(2-93)
S
Ks S
(2-94)
Chapter 2
Modeling Assumptions
Chapter 2
rp YP / X rg
(2-95)
(2-96)
Rate of
(2-97)
Product:
Substrate:
Chapter 2
d ( XV )
V rg
dt
d PV
dt
(2-98)
Vrp
d( SV )
1
F Sf
V rg
dt
YX / S
d (V )
F
dt
(2-99)
1
YP / S
V rP
(2-100)
(2-101)
Chapter 2
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