PALESTINE UNIVERSITY

MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

Second semester

Dr. Ali I. Tayeh

PALESTINE UNIVERSITY
MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY

Chapter No. 2
STONES AND ROCKS

Stone
All The engineering Structures are
made from some materials
These materials are know as
engineering materials; building
materials or materials of
Construction .
No material, existing in the universe is
useless. Every material has its own
field of
application

Ston
An
engineer
has
to
be
conversant
with
the
e

properties of most of them .

stone, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement,
and metals are some commonly used
materials by a civil engineer .

In order to carry out safe constructions ,

some standards for the materials to be
used are fixed

stone :
Rock and stone

Rock is the term

used to name a solid
portion of the earth's
crust .
It has no definite
shape and chemical
composition .
It is generally very
big in site .

stone :
Rock and stone

stone :
Rock and stone

Stone : The stone

is always obtained
from rock, The rock
quarried from
quarries is called
stone .
Quarried stone may
be in form of stone
blocks, Stone
aggregate , stone

stone :
Rock and stone

Ston
e

Classification of rocks
1.

Geological classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification

4. Classification based on stone

hardness:

Ston
e

Classification of rocks
According to this classification stone
may be classified
As soft, medium, hard and very
hard.
hard
-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and
Taconite.
-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel
and Quartzite.
- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime
Stone.

Stone
Uses of stone
following are the various uses , of stones
1.For masonry work
2.for lintels and vertical columns
3.for covering floors of building
4.for paving of roads and foot paths
5.As a covering material for buildings.

Stone
Uses of stone
following are the various uses , of stones
6.for the construction of roads in form of
boulders and aggregate
7.as an aggregate in cement as well as
lime concretes
8.Base material for water and sewage
filters.
9.For the manufacture of cement and
lime.
10.In the construction of masonry dams ,

Stone

Stone
Natural bed of

stone
The plane along
which stones can be
easily split is known
as natural bed of
stone
In stone masonry
work , the stone
should be used in
such away that the
direction of applied
load is
perpendicular to the

Walls

Cornice

Arch

Ston
-In the case of the walls the position of the
e

stone blocks should be same in which they

were originally deposited .
This position gives maximum strength to
the stone work in the walls .
-In the case of arches , the bedding plane
should be radial and at right angles to the
face of the arch .
-In the case of cornices the bed should be
vertical .

Ston
e
Seasoning of stones :
-In makes the stone hard and compact , by
exposing the stone to open air for a period
of six to twelve mouths .
All the stones should be seasoned before
they are used in structural work .

Stone
Characteristics and qualities of good
building stone :
1.The stone should be easily and
economically obtainable in bulk .
2.The stone should be hard, strong and
durable .
3.It should weather well.

Stone
Characteristics and qualities of good
building stone :
5.It should be capable to withstand
the effects of smoke and acidic
atmosphere.
6.The stone should be free from soft
patches, flaws, cavities and cracks .
7.It should be well seasoned and

Stone
Tests for stones:
Building stones are required to be tested
for their different properties before they
may be recommended for any specific case.
1-Acid test:
2- Water absorption test .
3- Impact test .
4- Crushing test .
5- Hardness test .

Stone
Acid test:
This test is carried out on sand stone .
In this test , a sample of stone about
100gm is taken and put in a solution having
1% strength of hydrochloric acid for seven
days . After this the specimen is taken out
and its surface examined .

Stone

Natural (Rock) stone

Stone

Natural (Rock) stone

Stone classification:
According to its contents
According to place which refer to
According to its texture
Natural stone properties (advantages)
Natural stone properties
(Disadvantages)
Stoning
Manufacturing
Stone construction:
Stone finishing

Stone

End