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DISCLAIM

ER
Due to the vastness in this topic, it has been decided
that each member in this group would present on two
topics each. Due to this each member will come twice
during the presentation. So all students are requested
not to interrupt the presentation in the middle to ask
doubts. They can note down all questions and can
ask in the end. This however does not apply to faculties.

BRAKIN G SYSTEM
Presented By,
Aditya Gupta
13ME01021

Akshay R
13ME01022

B Sukesh
13ME01024

Deepak Lamba K. Ramareddy


13ME01025
13ME01026

Introduct
ion
Abrakeis a mechanical device which inhibits motion,
slowing or stopping a moving object or preventing its
motion by converting its kinetic energy into other forms of
energy.
Our focus would be on railway braking system.

Lets look into the


History of Braking
System
Poor brakeman
Brakeman is a person travelling for the purpose on
those vehicles
operated the brakes.
Brakes were applied by operation of a screw and
linkage to brake blocks applied to wheel treads.
The porters travelled in crude shelters outside the
vehicles.
Picture Courtesy: Wikipedia

A traditional clasp brake: the brake shoe


(brown) bears on the surface (tyre) of
the wheel (red), and is operated by the
levers (grey) on the left

Picture Courtesy: Wikipedia

Unreliable
as the application of brakes by guards depended upon them hearing and
responding quickly to a whistle for brakes.

As train speeds increased


it became essential to provide some more powerful braking system
capable of instant application and release by the train driver.

Continuous brake
would be effective continuously along the length of the train.

Abbot Ripton Rail Accident

hy it occurred?
Long stopping distances of express trains without
continuous brakes.
Systematic signal failure in the adverse conditions of
that day due to a vulnerability to accumulation of
snow and ice.

In the words of a contemporary railway official, this showed that under


normal conditions it required a distance of 700 m to 1100 m to bring a
train to rest when travelling at 60 km/h to 70 km/h, this being much below
the ordinary travelling speed of the fastest express trains. Railway officials
were not prepared for this result and the necessity for a great deal more
brake power was at once admitted.[

Steam Brakes

Schematic diagram for steam brake

The braking system of the 1873 year


steam locomotive

Disadvanta
ge:
Steam lost pressure as it cooled.
The hoses carrying the steam would freeze up and clog with ice in cold climates.

Solutions:

The chain brake.


Hydraulic brakes.
The Westinghouse air brake system.
The simple vacuum system.
The Newark trials showed the braking performance of the Westinghouse air-brakes to
be distinctly superior but for other reasons it was the Vacuum System that was
generally adopted on UK railways.

By 1878 there were over 105 patents in various countries for braking systems,
most of which were obviously stillborn

Schematic diagram of straight air


brake system

Air
Compressor

Drivers Brake
Valve THREE BASIC
FUNCTIONS:
Acts as a link between main
reservoir and general air pipe.
Acts as a link between air pipe
and atmosphere
Provides insulation of general
air pipe with reservoir and
atmosphere.

Brake Pipe
THREE MAIN PARTS
GENERAL AIR PIPE-carries
pressurized air
FLEXIBLE HOSES-connects
air pipes of different
bogies
ANGLE COCKS-insulation
when a bogie is removed.

Brake Cylinder
When a brake is applied air
pressure gets exerted on the
piston rod .
It applies a force on the
rigging, in turn applies force
on shoes .
Shoes applies frictional force
on wheel .

Disadvantages
A fault in the general pipeline leads to complete releasing of the brake
without the driver to be warned in some way and without the possibility
of restoring the action of the brakes, aspect particularly dangerous in
terms of safety of the traffic.
High pressure differences between the brake cylinders in the
transitional stages.
Requires a large amount of compressed air when commanding braking
action, which, in case of long trains, involves the use of large main
reservoirs.
A long duration of the braking propagation rate in the long of the train.

How do air brakes overcome


the problem?

Differe
nce
Straight air braking
system
Braking occurs when
pressure in brake pipe is
greater than pressure in
braking cylinder

Indirect air braking


system
Braking occurs when
pressure in brake pipe is
less than pressure in
braking cylinder

der to achieve this we should have one air distributer and auxiliary reservoir
ch bogie as extra components in air braking system

Is it true that brakes are applied


when pressure in brake pipe is
less than that in brake cylinder?

Dependence of brake cylinder pressure wrt brake pipe pressure


(Source:-Brakes - Air Brakes for freight trains and
passenger trains, 5th edition, November 2006, ISBN: 27461-1172-1)

Auxiliary
Reservoir

Air Distributer

Schematic diagram of indirect air


brake system

What is the main function of air


distributer?
To operate correctly, in the case of pressure drop in the general train
To operate correctly, in the case of pressure drop in the general train
pipe, the air brake distributor must:
First interrupt the pneumatic link between auxiliary reservoir and
pipeline
Then it should cut the pneumatic link between air brake cylinder
and atmosphere
Finally it should establish the pneumatic link between the auxiliary
the brake
Toreservoir
operate and
correctly,
whencylinder.
increasing the general train brake pipe

pressure, the air


distributor should ensure the following pneumatic connections, in the
specified order:
Interruption of the pneumatic link between auxiliary reservoir and
brake cylinder
Linking the brake cylinder to the atmosphere

During application of
brakes

Releasing the brake


application

Connecting the brake pipe between two coaches

Why is this pipe used?

A problem associated with air


braking system
Due to air compressibility and due to the length of the train, there
will always be a time lapse between the reaction of the leading
vehicle and the reaction of the rear one.
Corresponding to the propagation rate of air pressure signal, the air
distributors will come into action successively and the braking of
vehicles begins at different times along the train so that, while some
cars are slowing down, others are trying to push, still unbraked,
from the rear.
Due to this a longitudinal force is developed in train reactions
causing stress to the couplers and affecting passenger comfort and
sometimes even the traffic safety.

Phases that occur


during braking
Continuous-Passenger train
Dotted line-Freight train

Phases of train braking


(Source:-Karvatski, B.L. (1950), General theory of automated brakes (in romanian), OPED-C.F.R.,
Bucharest, 1950)

Mechanical Model of
Train

Force applied during discs brakes

Force applied during shoe brake

Electro-pneumatic braking
system

Vacuum Braking System

Advantag
es:

Vacuum can be created by asteam ejectorwith no moving parts.


Air brake system requires a noisy and complicatedcompressor.

Disadvantag
es:

becomes inoperative if the train became divided.


ir brake are more effective than vaccum brake for a given size of brake cylinder.
n air brake compressor is usually capable of generating a pressure of
20kPa vs only 100kPa for vacuum .
effective at higher altitude.
e existence of vacuum in the train pipe can cause debris to be sucked in.
A development introduced in the 1950s was the
Automatic Vacuum System.

Complementary Braking
System
Why to have them??

Add braking power without having the thermal capacity


limitations of the friction wheel or disc brakes.
Enabling shorter stopping distances

Which Trains have them??

Trains having incapacity of basic wheel-rail adhesion.


Trains having need to diminish the wear of the friction
based braking systems.

Magnetic Rail Brake

The magnetic rail brake is designated only for emergency


braking and is usually
automatically released when the running speed is less than 50
km/h.

Advantage:
the wheel/rail adhesion independence.
The friction between the braking surface and rail can sometimes significantly improve
adhesion between wheel
and rail due to vigorous cleaning of the tread rails during operation.
The gravity center of the bogie is lowered.

Disadvantage:

The frictional operation of the system.


nterference of magnetic field with others electric systems.

Eddy Current Brake


System

Rotary eddy current brake


1 metallic disc; 2 magnets; 3 housing; 4 wheel.

Advantage:

mproves rail safety by enabling shorter stopping distances.


Reduced dependency between stopping distance and wheel/rail adhesion.
Mitigating the thermal capacity problems of brake pads and discs.
Avoiding harder application of conventional friction brakes leading to
excessive wear of the pads and brake discs.

Disadvantage:

mal aspects:
mitations being caused by the possibilities to dissipate the heat generated by the eddy currents
n a relatively small mass.

case of a 10 mm air gap, the rail temperature increase does not exceed 100C.
was found that in approximately 10...20 minutes the temperature evens within the rail mass.

IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF
BRAKES

The materials ability to resist fading at higher temperatures


Effect of water on brake fading
Ability to recover quickly from increased temperature
Service life as traded over vs wear of motor
Ability of material to provide smooth contact

TYPES OF BRAKE PADS


Non-metallic materials: made up of combination of various
synthetic substance

They are gente on rotors, produce large amount of


dust, short life time

Semi- metallic materials: Synthetics mixed with some proportion of


flaked metals

More fade resistant, long lasting, high wear on wheels,


require more force

Fully metallic materials: composed of sintered steel without any


synthetic adhesives

Used in race cars, long lasting, require high force, high


noise

Ceramic materials:Composed of clay, porcelain bonded to copper


flake and filaments

Bad dissipator of heat, low sound, good durability (in

DISC BRAKES
Disc brakes uses calipers to squeeze a pair of pads against a disc
inorder to create friction that retards the rotation of shaft

MAIN PROBLEMS OF DISC BRAKES


Over heating of discs and require proper heat outlet

Discs will wear more frequently

TREAD BRAKES
Main function of tread brakes is the brake application on wheel
roling surface (tread)

Features of tread brakes are

Weight reduction
Noise reduction
Cleans wheel surface
Less maintainance

BRAKE BLOCKS
Two types of brake blocks are used

L type blocks
type blocks

K type blocks

BREAKING CAPACITY
Breaking capacity depends on various major factors

Running speed
Weight
Thermal phenomena
Type of brakes

Maximum possible breaking force at wheel rail contact should be less


than wheel rail adhesion forces
Fb, max < Fa
The empirical relation for friction co efficient
(for cast iron braking shoes and wheel tread)
was determined by few experiments depending on
factors such as instantaneous velocity V, applied force
on breaking shoe Fs or surface contact pressure ps
But co efficient of friction is almost constant for plastic brake
shoes(0.25) or brake pads(0.35)

Among those the popular formula are

UIC formula

Karavatzki formula

Lhb bogies

Icf bogies

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