SAMPLING

METHODS
Estimating Samle Size
Selecting Sample

Steps in Estiamting Sample

Size
1. State the null hypothesis
2. Select the appropriate statistical test
based on type of risk factor and
outcome variables
3. Choose a reasonable effect size and
variability (if necessary)
4. Select significancy level () and power
study (1-)
5. Use the appropriate table or formula to
estiamte the sample size

Simple Statistical Test for Use in

Estimating Sample Size
OUTCOME VARIABLE
PREDICTOR
VARIABLE

Dichotomous

Continuous

Dichotomous

Chi-square
test

T test

Continuous

T test

Correlation

Effect Size for descriptive

study
POPULASI
Asumsi
Prevalensi
anemia 35%
Effect Size 5%
SAMPEL
Prevalensi
antara 30%40%

The difference in the mean/proportion value

between sample and population

Effect size for hypothesis

testing
The difference in the mean or
prevalence value of outcome variable
between the study groups which is
able to detect significantly

Sample Size for a Descriptive

Study of a Dichotomous Variable
What do you need to prepare before
calculating the require sample size for a
descriptif sudy?
1)Estimate prevalence (P) in the
population
2)Chossing effect size
3)Set (significancy leve)
4)Use formula or table to calculate the
sample size

Sample Size for a Descriptive

Study of a Dichotomous Variable
A descriptive study to estimate prevalen
anemia among teenager at Denpasar. How
many sample teenager needed if investigator
assume the prevalence anemia (P) in
population is about 30%, effect size = 5%
atau W=0,10, and significancy level = 5%.
Using sampling formula:
N = 4 Z2 P(1-P)/W2
N = 4x1,962x0,3x0,7/0,12= 322,69
Using Table (APPENDIX 6E)
N = 323

Sample Size for a Descriptive

Study of a Continuous Variable
What do you need to prepare before
calculating the require sample size for a
descriptif study?
1)Estimate the standar deviation the
outcome variable (S) in the population
2)Chossing effect size
3)Set (significancy leve)
4)Use formula or table to calculate the
sample size

Sample Size for a Descriptive

Study of a Continuous Variable
The investigator to determine IQ among third
graders in urban area with 99% convidence
of 3 points. A previous study found that the
standar deviation (S) of IQ was 15 pints. How
many sample is needed for this study
Using sampling formula:
N = 4 Z2S2/W2
N = 4x2,5752x15/62= 165,76
Using Table (APPENDIX 6D)
S = 15; W = 3+3 = 6; W/S = 6/15 = 0,4; Convidenc
level = 0,99
N = 166

Sample size require per group

when using the t test to compare
mean
What do you need to prepare before
calculating the require sample size when
using the t test?
1)Estimate the standar deviation the
outcome variable (S) in the population
2)Chossing effect size
3)Set (significancy leve) and Power Study
4)Use formula or table to calculate the
sample size

Sample size require per group

when using the t test to compare
mean

A study will examine a difference in the

efficacy of salbutamol and bromide on FEV1
for treatment of asthma after 2 weeks of
treatment. A previous study has found tha
the mean of FEV1 in persons with treated
asthma was 2 liters, with standar deviation
(S) of 1 liter. The investigator would like to
be able to detect a difference of 10% in
mean FEV1 between to treatment gropus.
How many sample required in each group at
(two side) = 0,05 and power 0,80?

Calculating sample size

Mean = 2 liter
Standar deviation (S) = 1 liter
Effect size (E) = 10% x mean = 10% x 2 liter =
0,2 liter
Standardized effect size (E/S) = 0,2/1 = 0,2 liter
Using Table (APENDIX 6A)
N = 394
Using formula:
N = 2(Z + Z)2S2/E2

N = 2x(1,96 + 0,84)2x12/0,22 = 392

Sample size require per group

when using the t Chi-square test
to compare proportions
What do you need to prepare before
calculating the require sample size when
using the Chi-square test?
1)Estimate the prevalen of outcome
variable (P2) in the general
population/control group
2)Chossing effect size
3)Set (significancy leve) and Power Study
4)Use formula or table to calculate the
sample size

Sample size require per group

when using Chi-square test to
compare proprtion

Is elderly smokers have a greater

incidence of skin cancer than
nonsmokers. Areview of previous literatur
suggests that the 5 year incdence of skin
cancer is about 0.20 in smokers. At
(two side) = 0,05 and power = 0.80, how
many sample will need to be studied to
determine whether the 5-year skin
cancer incidence is at least 0.30 in
smokers.

Calculating sample size

Incidence skin cancer in nonsmokers (P2) = 0.20
Expected Incidence skin cancer in smokers (P1)
= 0.30
Difference between P1 and P2 (P1-P2) = 0.10
P = (P1 + P2)/2 = 0.25
= 0,05 and = 0,20
Using Table (APPENDIX 6B)
N = 219 per group

Calculating sample size

Incidence skin cancer in nonsmokers (P2) = 0.20
Expected Incidence skin cancer in smokers (P1)
= 0.30
Difference between P1 and P2 (P1-P2) = 0.10
P = (P1 + P2)/2 = 0.25
= 0,05 and = 0,20
Using Formula:

Z
n

2 PQ Z P1Q1 P2Q2

( P1 P2 ) 2

n = {(1.96x(2x0,25x0,75) + 0,84 x (0,3x0,7

+ 0,2x0,8)}2 /0.12 = 282.6

Sample size require when using

Correlation Coeficient
What do you need to prepare before
calculating the require sample size when
using correlation test?
1)Estimate the correlation coeficient in
the population (review literatur)
2)Set (significancy leve) and Power
Study
3)Use formula or table to calculate the
sample size

Sample size require when

using Correlation Coeficient
Problem: the research question is whether
urinary cotinine are related with bone density
in smokers. A previous study found a modest
correlation (r = - 0.3) between reported
smoking per day and bone density. How many
sample will need, at (two side) = 0.5 and
= 0.10?
Using table (APPENDIX 6C)
r = 0.3, (two side) = 0.05 and = 0.1
N = 113

Sampling Methods
STUDY
DESIGN
CROSSSECTIONAL
CASECONTROL
COHORT
TRIAL

SAMPLING FRAME
FEASIBLE
NOT
FEASIBLE
RANDOM
NON
RANDOM
RANDOM
NON
RANDOM
RANDOM
RANDOM
NON
RANDOM