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Conic Sections
Eccentricity
Conic
=0
Circle
0-1
Ellipse
=1
Parabola
>1
Hyperbola
Conic Sections
2 R
2a
2
Vcircular
2a
Eccentricity, e
Shape
a3
Period 2
2c
e
2a
Keplers 3rd Law
Inclination
Orbit
= 90
Polar
0 or 180 Equatorial
0 - 90
Prograde
90 - 180 Retrograde
hZ
cos i
h
n K h
nX
cos
n
If n y 0, then 0 180
If n y 0, then 180 360
n e
cos
ne
If e Z 0, then 0 180
If e Z 0, then 180 360
eR
cos
eR
If (R V) 0, then 0 180
If (R V) 0, then 180 360
Computing COEs
From a R and V vector
Can compute the 6 COEs
Also works in reverse (given COEs compute
R and V)
Example:
R 0 I 0 J 7500 K
V 0 I 7.5 J 0 K
km
km
sec
COEs
a = 7965.1 km
e = 0.0584
i = 90
= 270
= 90
= 0
Mission: Probably remote sensing or a spy
satellite because its in a low, polar orbit.
Ground Tracks
COE Determination
a3
P 2
N
longitude
P=
Semimajor axis
N
15 / hr
COE Determination
Eccentricity
COE Determination
i = highest latitude
Inclination
COE Determination
= 90
Argument of Perigee
COE Determination
True Anomaly
Orbit Examples
Molniya
Geostationary
Geosynchronous
Geosynchronous
e=0
e=0
i = 0
e = 0.4
= 180
e = 0.6
= 90
Orbit Prediction
Keplers Problem
If we know where a satellite (or
planet) is today, where in its orbit will
it be tomorrow?
Kepler devised a series of
mathematical expressions to solve
this particular problem
Eccentric Anomaly
Mean Anomaly
True Anomaly
Orbit Prediction
Kepler defined the
Eccentric Anomaly to
relate elliptical motion
to circular motion
He also defined Mean
Anomaly to make the
circular motion
constant
Convert unsteady
elliptical motion into
unsteady circular
motion into steady
circular motion
Orbit Prediction
Orbital Prediction
Given
a = 7000 km
e = 0.05
= 270
Find the time of flight to final = 50
Orbital Prediction
n = 0.001078 rad/sec
Einitial = 272.87
Efuture = 47.84
Minitial = 275.73
Mfuture = 45.72
TOF = 2104.58 sec or
35.08 min
n
a3
e cos
cos E
1 e cos
M E e sin E
TOF
M f M i 2k
n