FIELD-QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH ON
LANGUAGE STUDIES:
ETHNOGRAPHY
Presented by
Akhmarianti
(14178002)
Rahmi Azizah
Widia Rahmita Hakim

(141780 41)
(14178057)

QUALITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION
1. Definition and Purpose
2. Features (Setting, Research Questions,
Data, Analysis, Reflexivity, Paradigms,
Values, Final Manuscript)
3. History
4. Status Characteristics

1. Definition and Purpose

Field research is the systematic study
through long-term, face to face
interactions
and
observations,
of
everyday life. It is classified as a
longitudinal research design since its
data collection can take a long time.

Its purpose is to understand daily life

from the perspective s of people in the
setting or social group of interest to the

2. Features
2.1. Setting;
Naturalistic Setting, in the field in which the
phenomenon of interest occurs;
The researcher becomes part of the setting
The researcher involves with the participants
and experiences parts of their daily lives.
The goal is to provide in depth descriptions
and analytical understanding of the meaning
participants in the setting attached to their
interactions and routines

2.2. Research Questions

The primary reason to engage in field
research is to answer questions.
Research questions guide the
researcher to be led into more focused
on issues orproblems attempted to
study.

2.3. Data
Data collected through systematic
observations and interactions
Observations might be using sight,
sound, touch, taste, and smell.
Interactions make the researcher to be
around the setting as often as possible.
Other techniques of collecting data
could be interviews, conversations,
(recorded and analyzed)
The projects data include the
researchers field notes.

2.3. Reflexivity;
the rsearcher would be in depth
thinking to do reflections on wht possible
things affect the result ofthe research.

2.4. Paradigms;
Positivist paradigm; commitment to
objectivism, value-free research, and
reliability

Interpretive
paradigm;
not
independent of the social reality.

2.5. Values;
neutrality

present

moral

2.6. Final Manuscript; in the

form of journal articles, masters
theses, dissertations, books, or
technical reports.

3. History
First appeared at the end of 18th
century (in academic activity)
Continuoes debate what field
research is
Devote yourself to which most
scholars agree
Affected by the status characteristic
of the researcher.

4. Status Characteristics
Affect almost every part of
the field research process
They could be gender, race,
ethnicity, social class, sexual
orientation, and age.

ETHICAL ISSUES IN
QUALITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH
1.
2.
3.
4.

Informed Consent
Deception
Confidentiality
Institutional Review Board

1. Informed Consent
To obtain consent, the research must make
participants aware of these following cases:
They are participating in research
Purpose, procedure of the research
The benefits
Their right to stop the research at any time
Etc.

2. Deception
This ethic considers on:
The research will not harm the
participants.
The research is justified by studys
value.
Alternative procedures are not possible
The research has an approval of an
institutional review board

3. Confidentiality
Researcher is anonymous when he/she is
not able to identify the participant in the
study.
Maintaining confidentiality becomes
problematic when authorities think the
researcher has knowledge that a law has
been violated.

PRELUDE TO QUALITATIVE
FIELDWORK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Selecting a Research Topic

Ethichal Issues
Practicality
Accessibility
The Familiar Versus the Unfamiliar
Record Keeping
Goals and Research Questions

Ethnography

The study of peoples behavior

in naturally occurring, ongoing
settings, with a focus on the
cultural interpretation of
behavior

Ethnographers main purpose is to

learn enough about a group
to create a cultural portrait of how the
people belonging to that culture live,
work, and/or play together.

Behavior, language,
interaction, artifacts,......

Why use ethnography in applied

linguistics?
Provide profound detailed
understanding of cultural
Behaviors that occurs not significantly
different
The final reports have the possibility
of reaching a wide audience.

Collecting the data

1.
2.
3.
4.

Selecting an Ethnographic Project

Asking Ethnographic Questions
Making an Ethnographic Record
.Writing the Ethnography

Methods of data collection

1.

Participant observation

involves not only gaining access to and immersing

oneself in new social worlds, but also producing written
accounts and descriptions that bring versions of these
worlds to others

1. Traditional etnography
:researcher join with the
community
2. Just living at home,
Showdow the people in
the study.
3. Temporarily become
member in group.

Setting
System
People
behavior

2. Interview and artifacts

1. researcher formulates interview
questions based on his or her
own unique etic position
2. informants from within the
target community to interview

pre-existing documents
such as past English
grades, standardized
test scores,,.

The artifacts ethnographers

use in their research can take
a variety of forms.

Triangulation
The gathering and later comparison of different data sources by using a
combination of methods.

To validate claims and to

discover inconsistencies
thoughout the research
process

Organizing and interpreting the

data
Researchers
often end up
collecting an
enormous
amount of
diverse data

Reading careffuly
and repeadly
AnalyticMemo
Coding

Keep your notes in well-defined groups or categories

(for example, separate observations of classes from

observations of faculty meetings)
Always write the date, time, and place where the
data were collected
File data in chronological order
Make and maintain a contents list for each
notebook or computer folder
When using a computer, label files and folders with
unambiguous titles (if
there is a need for confidentiality, develop a logical
code system)
If you use a code system, do not make it so
complicated that you cannot
understand it later
As your data expand, devise cross-referencing
systems.

Presenting Etnography Findings

Presented in narratives, are quite
long, combine the objective and
subjective views, very detailed
description

Not usually follow

traditional form
(written form)

Novel, short
stories, dance
performance,
film.....

LINGUISTIC
ETHNOGRAPHY
Presented by
Widia Rahmita Hakim

LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHY

a theoretical and analytical framework which takes an

epistemological position broadly aligned with social
constructivist and post-structuralist approaches by
critiquing essentialist accounts of social life (Creese,
2008; Rampton, 2007)

It will focus mainly on

linguistic ethnographys
contribution to

interactional
studies

starts from an
understanding of literacy
as social practice
(how people actually use literacy in
their lifeworlds and everyday
routines)

LINGUISTIC ETHNOGRAPHY AND

INTERACTION
Ethnographic
Approach

Small
Phenomena

Big
Phenomena

(Blommaert, 2005: 16)

FOR EXAMPLE, CREESE

(2005)

-describes the interactional practices of

teachers in multi-adult classrooms,
-shows how teachers interactional
practices unwittingly reproduce
structural hierarchies in schools

Using
linguistic
ethnography

she illustrates how facilitation pedagogies best

suited for language teaching and learning hold
little currency in a context where pedagogies
of transmission dominate classroom practices
shows how small phenomena, such as the
interactional differences between teachers, can only be
understood against an analysis of big phenomena: the
systemic and structural privileging of curriculum
transmission.

KEY ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC

ETHNOGRAPHY

Linguistic ethnography as
interdisciplinary research

It is the interdisciplinary nature of linguistic

ethnography that allows us to look closely and
look locally, while tying observations to broader
relations of power and ideology
Examples in using
- Systemic Functional Discourse Analysis
(SFDA)
- Conversation Analysis (CA)

Ethnography and poststructuralism

linguistic ethnographys ability

to keep up methodologically in a field of study which has seen
radical changes in its conceptualization of its key terminology
(such as culture, community and language)

APPLICATION OF METHODS
methods of
linguistic
ethnography

Traditional
methods

Unobtrusive recorders of activity and faithful reporters

of characteristic patterns
Being empirical without being positivistic
Offering an objective analysis of subjective meanings
Representing meanings of participants
Treating researchers as active, reflective subjects
Providing first-hand knowledge of others
Deliberately scrutinizing ones own view point in the
light of others
Seeing the others worlds as reality.

(Eisenhart,
2001a: 218
19):

Traditionally in
ethnography
Collect the data

One
researcher
works
alone

Participant
Observation
Field notes
Ethnographic and
open interviews
Recording/
transcripts

Analyze the results

Write up findings

Analysis of the data

focuses on the
identification and
interpretation of regular
patterns of action and
talk that characterize a
group of people in a
social context

Critiques of Traditional
Ethnography

-field notes are often not made explicit

- constraints to reach certain segments of the population
because of barriers regarding sex, age, ethnicity, race,
class, or nationality

Modern
Ethnography

Comments. Sugestion.
Questions
1. siska: example of ethnography
2. Adi : what qustion about pidato
pasambahan. What the appropriat
research questions of it more small?
3. Ria : what is informed consent, decept
ion, confidential,.......
4. Ummi : what the research should consider
when do research in remote area. Can we
put negative moral in our research.

2. Research question of pidato pasambahan, its

depand of the research that you want to do. For
example you want to study aboul the idio, that used by
the preacer in pidato pasambahan.
4. When a researcher do a research in a remote area
she/he prepare:
1.mental, that make the researcher can to start till the
end the research
2.Cost
3.Time
4.Behavior
And it is okey in the ethnoalgrahy research put
negative moral or value of the targer research because
in etnography we could describe the result based on
etic and emic of the research.