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Dams

(Barajlar)
Mehmet zger
Department of Civil Engineering,
I.T.U

What is a dam?

A dam is a barrier built across a stream, river or estuary to hold and


control the flow of water for such uses as drinking water supplies,
irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation etc.

Drinking water

Irrigation

Flood control

Hydropower

Navigation

Recreational purposes

Negative impacts
1.
2.
3.
4.

Imbalance of the ecosystem


Decreased amount of downstream water
Spreading of some water-born diseases
Reduction in the fertility of farmlands

Purpose Distribution of Dams

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

Worlds registered dams

Source: International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)

Parts of a dam

Dam body: Body forms the main part of a dam as an


impervious barrier
Reservoir: It is the artificial lake behind a dam body
Spillway: is that part of a dam to evacuate the flood
water from reservoir.
Water intake structures: is a facility to withdraw water
from a reservoir.
Sluiceway: Gerektiinde baraj gln tamamen
boaltmak, dolusavak kapasitesini azaltmak, akarsu
mansabna braklacak suyu salmak amacna ynelik
tesisler.
Diversion facilities: To redirect the streamflow from
construction area

Parts of Dams
Water intake
structures

Sluiceway

Dam body

Reservoir
Flow

Spillway

Upstream
Reservoir
Dam body
Spillway

Downstream

Right abutment
Downstream slope
Upstream slope
Principal chute spillway
Spillway training walls

Berm

Top of dam
Riprap

Toe drain outlet


Toe of
embankment

Emergenc
y spillway

Left abutment

Classification of Dams
According to dams height

If crest elevation and foundation level is greater


than 15 m then it can be considered as a Large
Dam.
If dam height is less than 15 m then Small Dam.
If dam height is greater than 50 m then High
Dam

Classification of dams:

Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the important aspects


are as follow:
1)Based on Hydraulic Design:

Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams)

Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams)


2)Based on Structural Design:

Gravity dams

Arch dams

Buttress dams
3)Based on Usage of Dam:

Storage dams

Diversion dams

Detention dams

4)

5)

Classification of dams:

Based on Construction Material:


Concrete / Masonry dams
Earthfill dams
Rockfill dams
Earthfill rockfill dams
Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD)
Based on Capacity:
Small dams
Medium dams
Large dams

3.3 Planning of Dams


Three

steps:
- Reconnaissance survey
(infeasible alternatives eliminated)
- Feasibility study
- Planning study

3.3.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A) Determination of water demand

B) Determination of water potential

Estimate various types of demands through


the life time
From available sources and available past
data

C) Optimal plans
Check out the relation D versus S.

D) Determination of dam site


Factors should be taken into consideration:
Topography
Geology and dam foundation

(faults and weak geologic formations should be avoided)


Type of soil affects the overall stability of dam body

Available

of construction materials
Flood hazard
Seismic hazard
Spillway location and possibilities
Construction time
Climate (earth fill dam is not appropriate for rainy climates)
Diversion facilities
Sediment problem
Water quality
Transportation facilities
Right of way cost

e) Determination of dam location


Characteristics

of dam location:

Geologic formation
Spillway location and capacity
Diversion conditions
Sediment condition
Transportation facilities
Structural design
Availabilty of meterials

f)
Project design
involves the computation of dimensions of the dam.
1. Hydrologic design (max. lake elevation + spillway cap. +
crest elevation)
2. Hydraulic design (static & dynamic loads + spillway
profile + outlet dimensions)
3. Structural design (stress distribution + required
reinforcement)

Dam Break
It is rapid for a concrete dam. See the
textbook for the examples.
Failure of the dam

Recep YURTAL

.., n.Mh.Bl.

3.3.2 PLANNING STUDY

Followings need to be done, since dimensions are


already determined:
Topographic surveys (1:5000 scaled map)
Foundation study (seepage permeability, bearing
capacity etc. tests)
Materials study (quantity of materials)
Hydrologic study (measurements of hydrologic
parameters)
Reservoir operation study (is to be performed
periodically)

3.4 Construction of Dams

Four principal steps are followed during the construction:

1) Evaluation of Time Schedule and Equipments


a work schedule is prepared using CPM.
2) Diversion
before the construction, river flow must be diverted from
the site
see the below figure for two possible ways to divert water:

3) Foundation Treatment

Concrete & Rock-fill dams hard formations


Earth-fill dams most of soil conditions

Highly porous foundation excessive seepage, uplift,


settlement

Grouting Operation is applied to solidify the foundation


& to reduce seepage

4)

Formation of the Dam Body

For

Concrete Gravity dams:


Low-heat cements to reduce
shrinkage problem
Concrete is placed in blocks

Keyways

are built between sections to


make the dam act as a monolith

Waterstops

are placed near upstream


face to prevent leakage

Recep YURTAL

.., n.Mh.Bl.

Recep YURTAL

.., n.Mh.Bl.

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