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Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Figure 15.1a
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Internal Anatomy of
Kidneys
Cortex: Outer area
Renal columns
Medulla: Inner area
Renal pyramids
Calyces
Minor: Papillae extend
Major: Converge to form pelvis,
which forms the ureter
Nephron: Functional unit of kidney
Internal Anatomy of
Kidneys
Internal Anatomy of
Kidneys
Renal corpuscle
Bowmans capsule
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Glomerulus
Network of
capillaries
Arterioles
Afferent
Blood to glomerulus
Efferent
Drains
Tubules
Proximal
(convoluted) tubule
Loops of Henle
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal (convoluted)
tubules
Collecting ducts
Bagian Ginjal
Renal cortex
outer region
Renal medulla
inside the cortex
Renal pelvis
inner collecting
tube
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Figure 15.2b
Figure 15.2c
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Nephrons
Struktur dan fungsi unit terkecil ginjal
Bertanggungjawab membentuk urine
Struktur nephrons :
Glomerulus
Renal tubule (tubulus renalis)
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
=uxv/p
Bentuk Nephrons
Cortical nephrons
Berada pada cortex
Sebagian besar nephrons
Figure 15.3a
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Bentuk Nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Dijumpai pada batas cortex dan medulla
Figure 15.3a
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Juxtamedullary Nephron
Terletak bagian dalam
cortex dekat medulla
15% dari seluruh
nephron
Loop of henle panjang,
lebih dalam masuk ke
medulla
Dikelilingi kapiler
berbentuk U vasa
recta
Glomerulus
Jaringan Kapiler khusus
Melekat pada arterioles
kedua sisi
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Renal Tubule
Glomerular
(Bowmans) capsule
Proximal convoluted
tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted
tubule
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Figure 15.3b
Filtrasi (Filtration)
Air dan senyawa-senyawa kecil proteins
dapat melewati dinding kapiler
Sel-sel darah tak dapat melewati dinding
kapiler
Filtrate (hasil filtrasi) dikumpulkan
glomerular capsule, kemudian ke renal
tubule
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Filtrasi di Glomerulus
Disebut Glomerular filtration
Komposisi glomerular filtrate hampir
Filtrasi Glomerulus
GFR = Glomerular Filtration Rate =
Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus
GFR = Ux . V / Px
Cx=Clearance = Bersihan
Urine Formation
1-filtration
movement fluid
across the
filtration
membrane as a
result of pressure.
(Reabsorpsi) Reabsorption
Peritubular capillaries menyerap :
Air
Glucosa
Asam amino
Ion-ion
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Fungsi Tubulus
Mekanisme Reabsorpsi & Sekresi tubulus
Protein kecil dan sejumlah hormon
peptida direabsorpsi didalam tubulus
proximal dengan cara :
- endositosis
- difusi aktif
- transpor aktif
Urine Formation
2-Reabsorption
movement of
substances from the
filtrate back into the
blood
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Sekresi (Secretion)
(Kebalikan Reabsorpsi)
Urine Formation
3- Secretion
active
transport of
solutes into the
neprhon.
Pembentukan Urine
Figure 15.5
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Ureter
Saluran Tube yang melekat pada
ginjal dan menuju ke Kandung kemih
(bladder)
Merupakan lanjutan renal pelvis
Masuk melalui bagian posterior kandung
kemih
Kandung kemih
(Bladder/Vesica Urinaria)
Smooth, collapsible, kantong berotot.
Menampung/menyimpan urine sementara
Figure 15.6
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Kandung kemih
Trigone tiga pembukaan
Dua dari ureter
Satu ke urethrea
Figure 15.6
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Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Urethra
Berkemih (Micturition/Voiding)
Kedua katup (sphincter) otot harus
terbuka agar dapat berkemih
Internal urethral sphincter : direlakskan
setelah peregangan kandung kemih
Pengkatifan ini berasal dari impulse
dikirim ke spinal cord dan kemudian
balik melalui saraf pelvic splanchnic
External urethral sphincter : harus
direlakskan secara sadar
Copyright2003PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasBenjaminCummings
Refleks Miksi
Refleks kontraksi smooth muscle vesica
urinaria + terbukanya external
sphingter (Relaksasi sceletal muscle).
Otot-otot peritoneal & sphingter externa
dapat berontraksi secara volunter,
mencegah urine masuk ke dalam
urethra, atau menghentikan miksi.
Hormonal Mechanisms
ADH
Secreted by posterior pituitary
Increases water permeability in distal tubules and
collecting ducts
When present, H2O moves out of the distal tubules
and collecting ducts.
When absent , H2O remains in the nephrons and
becomes urine
Aldosterone
Secreted by the cortical cells of the adrenal glands
Increase levels increase Na+ and Cl- transport in
nephron and collecting ducts.
Hormonal Mechanisms
Renin
produced by cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys
causes production of angiotensin
AngiotensinI + ACE +AngiotensinII potent vasoconstriction
substance
Increase the rate of aldostrone and ADH secretion
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Produced by heart when blood pressure increases
Inhibits ADH production
Reduces ability of kidney to concentrate urine