UTM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

INTRODUCTION & ATOMIC

STRUCTURE

COURSE
COURSE LEARNING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES

Introduce the field of Materials Science and

Engineering
Provide introduction
materials

to

the

classification

of

Identify and distinguish between the types of

atomic bonding

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CHAPTER
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OUTLINE

Historical Overview
What is Materials Science & Engineering
Classification of Materials
Atomic Structure
Atomic Bonding

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Chapter
Chapter Outline
Outline
Stone Age (40,000 to 100,000 yrs ago): Stone tools, clay pots, skin
Copper Age (5,000 to 10,000 yrs ago): Copper ornaments, earthenware,
metal smelting
Bronze Age (3,000 to 5,000 yrs ago): Bronze (Cu/Sn), glass, iron smelting
Iron Age (1000 3000 yrs ago): Carburized Iron, improved forging, porcelain
Steel and concrete (100 1000 yrs ago)
Advanced Materials (beginning
composites, semiconductors

early 1900s):

polymers,

ceramics,

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MATERIALS
MATERIALS

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MATERIALS
MATERIALS

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Chapter
Chapter Outline
Outline
Performance
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure to achieve
specific properties of materials.
Processing

Structure

Processing
Properties
Materials Science
Investigating the relationship between
structure and properties of materials.

Structure
Properties
Performance
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Chapter
Chapter Outline
Outline
Performance/ Cost

Processing

Structure

Properties

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Properties
Properties
Properties are the way materials responds to external
forces or the environment

Mechanical
Electrical and magnetic
Optical
Chemical

To obtain the desired properties the material must have the

appropriate structure
Processing can produce the appropriate structure
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Properties
Properties

Composition,
bonding,
crystal
structure,
and
microstructure
define
materials properties

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Classification
Classification of
of Materials
Materials
Metals

Ceramics
Polymers: Thermoplastics and Thermosets
Semiconductors
Composite Materials

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Classification
Classification of
of Materials
Materials

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Engineering
Engineering Materials
Materials

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

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Functional
Functional Classification
Classification of
of
Materials
Materials
Aerospace
Biomedical
Electronic Materials
Energy Technology and Environmental Technology
Magnetic Materials
Photonic or Optical Materials
Smart Materials
Structural Materials

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 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

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Atomic
Atomic Structure
Structure

Atomic structure is made of:

Protons: positive (+) charge
Neutrons: no charge (neutral)
Electrons: negative (-) charge

The nucleus contains the mass of an atom: Protons + Neutrons

Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus are called orbitals
or energy-level shells.

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Atomic
Atomic Structure
Structure

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Periodic
Periodic Table
Table of
of Elements
Elements
Atomic Number (# of protons)

Atomic weight =
# protons + average #
neutrons

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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is defined as the measure of how
willing atoms are to accept electrons
Subshells with one electron: low electronegativity
Subshells with one missing electron: high
electronegativity

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Periodic
Periodic Table
Table of
of Elements
Elements
Low electronegativity

High electronegativity

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Ions
Ions
When an atom loses or gains an electron to or from
another atom, it is called an ion
Types of Ions:
CATIONS a loss of electrons: positive (+) charge
ANIONS a gain of electrons: negative (-) charge

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Atomic
Atomic Bonding
Bonding

Atomic bonding is the formation of compounds by combining two

or more elements

In an atomic bonding electrons are gained, lost or shared

There are 4 main types of bonding:

Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Metallic bonding
Van der waals

Primary Bonding
Secondary Bonding

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Ionic
Ionic Bonding
Bonding

Ionic
bonding
occurs
between + and ions

Requires electron transfer

between
atoms
forming
attracting ions

Example:
(NaCl)

Other compounds having

ionic bonding: MgO, CsCl

sodium

chloride

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Ionic
Ionic Bonding
Bonding
Characteristics of Ionic Bonding
Ionic compounds are usually hard, rigid and brittle: the
results of ions being held in specific positions

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Covalent
Covalent Bonding
Bonding
In covalent bonding the electrons are shared between atoms
Covalent bonds are more stable and stronger than ionic bonds

e.g; Diamond (Carbon)

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Metallic
Metallic Bonding
Bonding
Metallic bonding:
Valence electrons are detached
from atoms, and spread in an
electron sea that glues the ions
together

+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
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Metallic
Metallic Bonding
Bonding
Characteristics of metallic bonding
Metallic bonds occur between metals
Good conductors of electricity and heat (due to the
mobility of electrons)
Malleability (can be shaped) and Ductility (can be
drawn into wires)
Brightness and strong light reflection
Examples: copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag)

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Metallic
Metallic Bonding
Bonding

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Secondary
Secondary Bonding
Bonding
Atomic bonding without electron transfer or sharing
Arises from interaction between dipoles
Fluctuating dipoles
ex: liquid H2
H2
H2

asymmetric electron
clouds

- secondary +
bonding

H H

H H

secondary
bonding

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Secondary
Secondary Bonding
Bonding
Permanent dipoles-molecule induced
-general case:

+ -

secondary
bonding

+ -

-ex: liquid H2O

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Secondary
Secondary Bonding
Bonding
-ex: Polymer (PVC)

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Summary:
Summary: Atomic
Atomic Bonding
Bonding
Examples of bonding in materials
Metals

metallic bonding
Moderate Tm and E

Ceramics

ionic/covalent
high Tm and high E

Polymers

covalent and secondary

Small Tm and small E

Semiconductors:

covalent and covalent/ionic

Tm: melting temperature, E: stiffness

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