National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

Technical Seminar
on

IMAGE PROCESSING AND

ITS APPLICATION
Presented by
Rakhi Ghosh
CS200157261
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Anisur Rahman
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

Digital image processing

fundamentals
Digital image processing methods stems from
two principals application areas:
Improvement of pictorial information.
Processing of scene data.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGES :
Image is replica of object.
An image defined in the "real world" is
considered to be a function of two
real variables x and y.

TYPES OF IMAGES :
Gray-tone image:
Line copy images:
Half-tone images
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

EXAMPLE:
A digital image a[m,n] described in a 2D
discrete space is derived from an analog
image a(x,y).
The 2D continuous image a(x,y) is divided into N
rows and M columns.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

STEPS IN IMAGE PROCESSING

Image acquisition
Preprocessing
Segmentation
Representation and Description
Recognition
Interpretation
Knowledge base

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGING GEOMETRY
TRANSLATION
SCALING
ROTATION
PERSPECTIVE TRANSFORMATION

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
FOURIER TRANSFORM
The Fourier transform produces representation of a signal, as a
weighted sum of complex exponentials. Because of Euler's formula:

e jq cos q j sin q

j2 1

The defining formulas for the forward Fourier and the inverse
Fourier transforms are as follows.
FORWARD

INVERSE

A F a

a F 1 A

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

The forward transform goes from the spatial domain,

either continuous or discrete to the frequency domain
which is always continuous .

a F 1 F a
and
A F F 1 A

The inverse Fourier transform goes from the frequency

domain back to the spatial domain.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

The specific formulas for transforming back and forth between

the spatial domain and the frequency domain are given below.
FORWARD
A u, v

a x, y e

j ux vy

dxdy

INVERSE
a x , y 1 / 4

A u , v

j ux vy

dudv

In 2D continuous space and in discrete space

INVERSE

FORWARD
A ,

a m , n e j m n

m N

a m, n 1 / 4

j m ,n

e
dd

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

WALSH TRANSFORM
The discrete Walsh transform of a function f(x),
where N=2N denoted by W(u) is obtained by
substituting the kernel as
T(u )

N 1

f ( x )g ( x , y )
x 0

The inverse transform is the relation

f (x)

N 1

T(u )h ( x, u )
u 0

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

10

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

HADAMARD TRANSFORM
The 1-D, forward Hadamard kernel is the relation
n 1

bi ( x ) bi ( u )

g( x , u ) 1 / N(1) i 0
1-D Hadamard transform
N 1

n 1

bi ( x ) bi ( u )

H(u ) 1 / N f ( x )(1) i 0
x 0

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

11

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

An inverse kernel that, except for the

1/N term, is equal to the forward
Hedamard kernel
n 1

bi ( x ) bi ( u )

h ( x , u ) (1) i 0

The inverse Hadamard transform:

N 1

n 1

bi ( x ) bi ( u )

f ( x ) H(u )(1) i 0
u 0.

For x=0,1,2N-1.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

12

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
The process of image acquisition frequently leads
(inadvertently) to image degradation.
The principle objective of enhancement techniques
is to process an image so, that the result is more
suitable than the original image for specification
application.
Image enhancement techniques are used to
increase the signal-to-noise ratio.
Make certain features easier to see by modifying
the colors or intensities of an image.
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

13

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

The approach of enhancement techniques

falls into two categories:
Spatial domain method : In this category are based on
direct manipulation of pixels in an image, that is the gray
values of the peels are directly manipulated to obtain the
enhanced image.
Frequency domain method: Processing techniques are
based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image,
that the image f(x,y) is Fourier transformed to F(u,v) before
any modification is done

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

14

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

BASIC IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES:

SPATIAL DOMAIN METHODS:
The term spatial domain refers to the aggregate of pixels
composing an image, and spatial domain methods are
procedure that operates directly in this pixel
Image processing function in the spatial domain may be
expressed as
g(x,y) =T[f(x,y)]
Where f(x,y) is the input image and g(x,y) is the processed
image, and T is an operator on f, defined over some
neighborhood about(x,y)

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

15

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHODS:

The foundation of frequency domain technique is the
convolution theorem .Let g(,y) be an image formed by the
convolution of an image f(x,y)and a linear position, position
invariant operator h(x,y) that is, g(x,y) = h(x,y) * f(x,y)
Then from the convolution theorem, the following frequency
domain relation holds:
G( u,v) = H (u , v)F(u , v)
Where G,F &H are the Fourier transforms of g,h &h
respectively.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

16

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

ENHANCEMENT BY POINT PROCESS:

Contrast stretching.
Gray-level slicing.
Histogram processing.
Histogram specification.
Image subtracting.
Image averaging.
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

17

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

ENHANCEMENT BY DIFFERENT
FILTERING
Spatial filtering:
Mean Filter
Median filter
Smoothing filter

Filtering in frequency domain:

Low pass filter

Ideal Low pass Filter
Butter worth low pass filter
Homomorphic filtering

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

18

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

APPLICATION OF FILTERS
Application of median filter

Application of Smoothing filter

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

19

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

Morphology tools such as dilation and erosion

can be used in conjunction with edge detection to
detect and outline a prostate cancer cell.

The effect of homorphic filtring on the noisy filter

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

20

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGE COMPRESSION MODELS:

F(x,y)
Source
Encoder

F(x,y)
Channel
Encoder

Channel

Source
Decoder

Channel
Decoder

SOURCE ENCODER:
The source encoder is responsible for reducing or eliminating any
coding, interpixel, or psycho visual redundancies in the input
image.
SOURCE DECODER: The source decoder contains only two
components the symbol decoder and an inverse mapped.
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

21

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

ERROR FREE COMPRESSION:

VARIABLE LENGTH CODING
Huffman Coding.
Arithmetic Coding.
Bit plane coding.
LOSSY COMPRESSION:

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

22

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Thresholding.
Fixed threshold.
Istogram-derived thresholds.

Edge finding.
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

23

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

IMAGE RESTORATION
The ultimate goal of restoration techniques is to
improve an image.

The restoration techniques are oriented toward

modeling the degradation applying the inverse process in
order to recover the original image.

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

24

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

CONCLUSION
The various aspects of Image processing and
their practical usage and the steps involved in
their processing are studied.
This has given a good and practical idea of
using various Transforms techniques on
images .

Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

25

National Institute of Science & Technology

Image processing and its application

THANK YOU
Presented By : Rakhi Ghosh (CS200157261)

26