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Fluids Review

TRN-1998-004

Heat Transfer

G1

Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Outline

Introduction
Modes of heat transfer
Typical design problems
Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Introduction

Heat transfer is the study of thermal energy (heat) flows


Heat always flows from hot to cold
Examples are ubiquitous:

heat flows in the body


home heating/cooling systems
refrigerators, ovens, other appliances
automobiles, power plants, the sun, etc.

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction - diffusion of heat due to temperature gradient


Convection - when heat is carried away by moving fluid
Radiation - emission of energy by electromagnetic waves

qconvection
qradiation

qconduction
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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Typical Design Problems

To determine:

overall heat transfer coefficient - e.g., for a car radiator


highest (or lowest) temperature in a system - e.g., in a gas turbine
temperature distribution (related to thermal stress) - e.g., in the walls of a
spacecraft

temperature response in time dependent heating/cooling problems - e.g., how


long does it take to cool down a case of soda?

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

As a fluid moves, it carries heat with it -- this is called convection


Thus, heat transfer can be tightly coupled to the fluid flow solution
Additionally:

The rate of heat transfer is a strong function of fluid velocity


Fluid properties may be strong functions of temperature (e.g., air)

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular interaction


In a gas, molecular velocity depends on temperature

hot, energetic molecules collide with neighbors, increasing their speed

In solids, the molecules and the lattice structure vibrate

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Fouriers Law

heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient

T T
Q
q kT k

A
x y

units for q
are W/m2

where k = thermal conductivity


in general, k = k(x,y,z,T,)
heat conduction in a slab

temperature profile

dT
dx

1
hot wall

cold wall

x
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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Generalized Heat Diffusion Equation

If we perform a heat balance on a small volume of material


heat conduction
in

heat conduction
out
heat generation

we get:

T
c
k2T q
t

rate of change
of temperature

heat cond. heat


in/out
generation

k
thermal diffusivity
c
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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Boundary Conditions

Heat transfer boundary conditions generally come in three types:


q = 20 W/m2
specified heat flux
Neumann condition

T = 300K
specified temperature
Dirichlet condition

Tbody

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q = h(Tamb-Tbody)
external heat transfer
coefficient
Robin condition

Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Conduction Example
Compute the heat transfer through the wall of a home:

Tout = 20 F

Tout = 68 F
Although slight, you
can see the thermal
bridging effect
through the studs

2x6 stud
k=0.15 W/m2-K
sheetrock
k=0.4 W/m2-K

shingles
k=0.15 W/m2-K
fiberglas insulation
sheathing
k=0.004 W/m2-K
k=0.15 W/m2-K
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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Convection Heat Transfer

Convection is movement of heat with a fluid


E.g., when cold air sweeps past a warm body, it draws away warm air
near the body and replaces it with cold air

flow over a
heated block

often, we want to know the heat transfer coefficient, h (next page)

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Newtons Law of Cooling


T

q
Tbody

q h (Tbody T ) h T
h

average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Heat Transfer Coefficient

h is not a constant, but h = h(T)


Three types of convection:

Natural convection

1
4

h T , h T

Typical values of h:

fluid moves due to buoyancy


1
3

Thot

4 - 4,000 W/m2-K

Forced convection

flow is induced by external means

h const

Tcold

Tcold
Thot

80 - 75,000

Boiling convection

body is hot enough to boil liquid

h T

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Tcold
Thot

300 - 900,000
Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Looking in more detail...

Just as there is a viscous boundary layer in the velocity distribution,


there is also a thermal boundary layer
thermal boundary
layer edge

velocity boundary
layer edge
y

T , U
T ( y)

Tw
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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Nusselt Number

Equate the heat conducted from the wall to the same heat transfer in
convective terms:
conductivity
of the fluid

T
kf
h(Tw T )
y

Define dimensionless quantities:

Tw T
T
Tw T

y
y
L

Then rearrange to get:

Tw T

Tw T hL Nu
kf
y

L

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Nusselt number
dimensionless heat
transfer coefficient
Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Energy Equation

Generalize the heat conduction equation to include effect of fluid


motion:

T
c
u T k2T q
t

Assumes incompressible fluid, no shear heating, constant properties,


negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy
Can now solve for temperature distribution in boundary layer
Then calculate h using Fouriers law:
From calculated
q
k
T
temperature
h

distribution
T T
T T y
w

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y 0

Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Correlations for Heat Transfer Coefficient

As an alternative, can use correlations to obtain h


E.g., heat transfer from a flat plate in laminar flow:

Nu x 0.332 Re0x.5 Pr 0.333

where the Prandtl number is defined as:

c
Pr

momentum diffusivity
thermal diffusivity

Typical values are:

Pr = 0.01 for liquid metals


Pr = 0.7 for most gases
Pr = 6
for water at room temperature

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Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Convection Examples

Developing flow in a pipe (constant wall temperature)

Tw

T
T

Tw

Tw

Tw
Tw

bulk fluid temperature


heat flux from wall
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x
Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Convection Examples

Natural convection (from a heated vertical plate)


T
Tw

(T )

As the fluid is warmed by the plate,


its density decreases and a buoyant
force arises which induces flow in
the vertical direction. The force is
equal to:

( ) g

gravity

The dimensionless group that


governs natural convection is the
Rayleigh number:
gTL3
Ra

T ,

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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Radiation Heat Transfer

Thermal radiation is emission of energy as electromagnetic waves


Intensity depends on body temperature and surface characteristics
Important mode of heat transfer at high temperatures
Can also be important in natural convection problems
Examples:

toaster, grill, broiler


fireplace
sunshine

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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Surface Characteristics
q W/m2
(incident energy flux)

q (reflected)

q (absorbed)

translucent slab

q (transmitted)

1
absorptance

transmittance
reflectance
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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Black Body Radiation

A black body:

is a model of a perfect radiator


absorbs all energy that reaches it; reflects nothing
therefore = 1, = = 0

The energy emitted by a black body is the theoretical maximum:

q T4

This is Stefan-Boltzmann law; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant


(5.6697e-8 W/m2-K4)

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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Real Bodies

Real bodies will emit less radiation than a black body:

q T 4
emissivity (between 0 and 1)

Example: radiation from a small body to its surroundings

both the body and its surroundings emit thermal radiation


the net heat transfer will be from the hotter to the colder

Qnet A (Tw4 T4 )

Qnet
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T
q
qw
Tw
A
Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

When is radiation important?

Radiation exchange is significant in high temperature problems: e.g.,


combustion
Radiation properties can be strong functions of chemical composition,
especially CO2, H2O
Radiation heat exchange is difficult solve (except for simple
configurations) we must rely on computational methods

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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004

Heat Transfer Summary

Heat transfer is the study of thermal energy (heat) flows:

The fluid flow and heat transfer problems can be tightly coupled

conduction
convection
radiation
through the convection term in the energy equation
when properties (, ) are dependent on temperature

While analytical solutions exist for some simple problems, we must


rely on computational methods to solve most industrially relevant
applications
Can I go back to
sleep now?

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Fluent Inc. 03/27/15

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