* PYCNOMETER AND

HYDROMETER

Asri Ambarwati 141424006

Dahliana Alami 141424008

* Picnometer is a special glass

flask which is used for

determining a density of
liquids using the weight of a
known volume. It usually has
a glass faceted cork which is
pierced in the centre like a
thin capillary through which
surplus of liquid runs out.
* There are several sizes of
pycnometer, which is: 10 ml,
25 ml, 50 ml and 100 ml
However, the more
frequently used is 10 and 25
mL pycnometer

*Pycnometer

* Pycnometer With
Thermometer

* Pycnometer Without
Thermometer

*Types

*How It Works
*This method is based on the measurement of the
density of unknown liquid by the help of the
density of known liquid with the same volumes.
This volume is realized by the pycnometer.

*How To Operate The Device

*It must be dry for the accurate determination of its

mass. It is important that the stoppers are not

exchanged from bottle to bottle, since each stopper is
ground to fit one bottle and no other.
*Weigh the clean dry bottle.
*Obtain approximately 15 mL of the unknown liquid.
*Pour the liquid into the specific gravity bottle until the
bottle is completely full.
*Insert the stopper so the ground glass (frosted) end is in
the bottle.
*Carefully dry the outside of the bottle with a tissue and
weigh.

*Pour the unknown liquid down the sink and rinse

the bottle several times with distilled water. (The

unknown liquids are aqueous based and can be
poured down the sink.)
*Fill the bottle with distilled water, dry the outside
and weigh.
*Determine the temperature of the distilled water.
*Calculate the volume of the pycnometer using the
literature value for the density of water at the
temperature of the water.
*Calculate the specific gravity and density of the
unknown liquid.

*SAFETY

* The pycnometer is delicate and expensive; exercise care when

handling it.
* The bulb and stopper of the pycnometer are both engraved
with the same number. Be sure that you do not inadvertently
switch stoppers with someone else; check the numbers
occasionally.
* The pycnometer must be clean and DRY before the initial
weighing.
* To fill the pycnometer with liquid, use a Pasteur pipet to fill
the bulb to about halfway up the neck (there is usually a white
mark). Then slowly insert the capillary stopper.
* When full, there should be NO air bubbles in the bulb or
capillary of the pycnometer, and no air space at the top of the
capillary.
* Before weighing the full pycnometer, the outside should be
perfectly dry.

* A hydrometer is a tool

scientists use to
measure thespecific
gravityof liquids.
* Hydrometer is usually
made of glass and
consists of a cylindrical
rod and ball weighting
with mercury to make
it float.

*Hydrometer

The hydrometer operates on

Archimedes Principle. Archimedes , an
ancient Greek mathematician,
discovered that when a body lighter than
a fluid is placed in that fluid, the fluid
displaced by the body will equal the
volume of the body as well as the mass
or weight of the body. This principle is
better known as buoyancy.

*How it works

Using a hydrometer is quite simple.

The user must be careful, though, to
not break the hydrometer or the
cylinder as they are made from
glass. Follow the easy to follow
directions below.
1.Fill the glass cylinder with sample
water.
2.Put the hydrometer with the bulb
end down. It will bob up and down in
the sample. Note that the sample
may overflow from the cylinder.
3.Assure that the hydrometer is not in
contact with the sides of the
cylinder and take the reading.

* How To Operate The Device

*Extreme care should be taken

when reading the hydrometer; it

is very easy to misinterpret the
scale. Once the hydrometer has
stopped bouncing up and down
and the hydrometer is not
touching the walls of the
cylinder, a reading can be made.
Note that a meniscus forms on
the neck of the hydrometer. Just
as reading the meniscus in a
graduated cylinder, the user must
take the reading where the plane
of water is and not where the
water clings up the neck of the
hydrometer. See the image to the
right. The correct reading of this
hydrometer is about 0.982.

* Hydrometers should be stored in clean, dry,

safe places. They also should not be subjected

to extreme temperatures.

*Safety of Hydrometer

* http://www.lumcon.edu/education/K-12/studentda

tabase/hydrometer.asp
* http://glossary.periodni.com/glossary.php?en=picn
ometer
* http://wakeriko.blogspot.com/2011/11/piknometer
.html
* http://s3.amazonaws.com/ppt-download/hidromete
r.html

* http://www.hbinstrument.com/hydrometer-faqs/
* http://artikelteknikkimia.blogspot.com/2011/12/h
idrometer-alkoholmeter.html

*Referance