Kinematicsof Particles - Rectilinear Motion

Kinematics:
Kinematics is the study of motion of a moving body without considering the forces which causes the
motion.
Kinetics:
It is the study of motion of a moving body with also considering the external forces which cause the
motion.
Types of Plane motion
As we know a particle has translation motion only, not rotation about a point or an axis. Further the
translation motion of a particle can be classified into two types.
1. Rectilinear motion
2. Curvilinear motion
Rectilinear motion:
The motion of a particle along a straight line is known as rectilinear motion (or straight line motion).
Examples:
1. A car moving on a straight road,
2. A stone falling vertically downward
3. A ball thrown vertically upward etc.,

Curvilinear motion:
The motion of a particle along a curved path is known as curvilinear motion.

Characteristics of kinematics:
1.Displacement:
The displacement of a moving particle is the change in its position, during which the particle remains in
motion. It is a vector quantity, has both magnitude and sense of direction.
It is denoted by the letter 'S'.
2.Speed:
It is the distance travelled by the particle or body along its path per unit time.
It is a scalar quantity has magnitude only.
It is measured in m/s, km/hr etc.
Speed =Distance travelled/time taken

3.Velocity:
It is the rate of change of displacement. It is a vector quantity.
Velocity = Distance travelled in particular direction/time taken
In SI system, it is measured in m/s.
4. Acceleration:
It is the rate of change of velocity. It is denoted by 'a'. In SI system, it is measured in m/s2.
It is a vector quantity.
acceleration, a = change of velocity/time taken
=(Final velocity Initial velocity)/time taken
Negative acceleration is called as Retardation (or) Deceleration.
5. Average velocity:
It is the ratio of displacement and time interval.
ie., Average velocity = Change in position /Change in time
It can be either positive or negative.

Equations of Linear motion:

Sn=u+(a/2(2n-1))

Where,
u- Initial velocity,V- Final velocity,a- Acceleration , t-time taken ,S- Distance travelled.

Note:
1)When a particle moves in one direction & it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time,then the velocity
of particle is known as Uniform velocity.
2) When there is a change in direction (or) change in magnitude (or) change in magnitude &direction,then the
velocity is known as variable velocity.
3) If a body start from the reset , its initial velocity is zero(i.e, u=0)
4) If a body comes to rest , its final velocity is zero (i.e, v=0)
1.A car is moving with a velocity of 20m/s. The car is brought to rest by applying brakes in 6 seconds.
Find (i) Retardation (ii) Distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes.
Solution :
when, Initial velocity, u =20m/s
Final velocity, v = 0 (car is brought to rest); time, t = 6 sec
Retardation:
Retardation is the negative acceleration.
using the equation of motion, v = u + at

a = -3.33 m/s2
Retardation = 3.33 m/s2
Distance travelled:
Let s = Distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes
using the equation, s = ut + 1/2 at
s = (20 x 6) +1/2(-3.33) x 6=60 m
2)A Train starts from rest and attains a velocity of 45 km per hour in 2 minutes, with uniform acceleration.
Calculate,(i) acceleration (ii) Distance travelled in this time, 2 min
iii) time required to reach a velocity of 36 km/hr.
Given, Initial velocity, u = 0 ( '.' starts from rest)
Final velocity, v = 45 km/hr
=((45 x 1000)/3600) m/s = 12.5 m/s
time taken, (t)= 2 minutes = 2 x 60 = 120 secs.

1km=1000 m,1hr=60 mins,1min=60 sec

(i) Acceleration (a):

Using the equation, v = u + at
12.5 = 0 + (a * 120)
a = 12.5/120= 0.104 m/s2
(ii) Distance travelled in 2 minutes
Using the eqn, s = ut + 1/2at
=(0 x 120) + (1/2 * 0.104 *120)
= 748.8 m
(iii) Time required to attain the velocity of 36 km/hr
initial velocity, u = 0, Final velocity V=36 km/hr=((36*1000)/3600)=10m/s.
Now, using the equation v = u + at
10 = 0 + (0.104 x t)
t = 96.15 sec.

3)A motor is travelling at 80 km/hr when he observes a traffic light 200m ahead of him turns red.The traffic light is
timed to stay red for 10Secs.If the motor is wishes to pass the light without stop.Just of its turn green, determine,
i)The Required uniform deceleration of the motor.
ii)The Speed of the motor as it passes the light.
Solution:
Initial Velocity u=80 km/hr=((80*1000)/(60*60))=22.22 m/s.
Distance S=200m , t=10 Secs.
To find:
i)Deceleration of the motor, 2)Speed of the motor
Solution:
i)Distance travelled
s = ut + 1/2at
200=(22.22*10)+(0.5*a*10 2);200=222.2+50a
50a=200-222.2;a=-0.445 m/s2.
2)Speed v = u + at=22.22-(0.445*10) =17.75 m/s.

4)A Car initially moving at 45 km/hr has to cover a distance of 7.6 km ,in 8 minutes with what acceleration,should
it be speeded up so that it covers a distance exactly in time, ii)if the same car moves with the uniform speed of
45 km/hr how much the time it would have taken to cover the distance of 7.6 km.Also calculate the time saved
due to the accelerated car?
Given data:
Initial velocity u= 45 km/hr=((45*1000)/3600)=12.5 m/s.
Distance S=7.6 km=7.6*103 m, time t=8mins =8*60=480 secs.
To find:
1)Acceleration,2) Time,3)Saved time.
Solution:
Distance s = ut + 1/2at
7600=(12.5*480)+(1/2*a*4802 )
a=0.0139 m/s2
Distance travelled S= uniform velocity*time
S=u*t; u=S/t =Distance/time ;t=S/u=7.6*10 3/12.5=608 Sec.
Time saved t= 608-480=128 Secs.

5)A motor moving with an uniform acceleration covers a distance of 20m in 4

seconds and 40m in 6 seconds. Find the uniform acceleration of the motor?
Solution:
Given,
S1=20m , T1=4sec
S2=40m , T2=6sec
Case (i)
From equation, s = ut + 1/2at

Case (ii)
From equation, s = ut + 1/2at

(ii)

On solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get

a = 1.667 m/s2
and u =1.667 m/s.
uniform acceleration of the motor is l.667 mls2

6)A motor starts from rest and uniformly accelerated to speed of 20 km/hr
over a distance of 200m. Calculate the acceleration and time taken. If further
acceleration raises the speed to 50 km/hr in 8 seconds, find the acceleration
and the further distance moved?
Solution:
case (i)
Given: Initial velocity, u = 0 ; Distance, s = 200m
Final velocity, v = 20 km/hr =((20*103)/3600)= 5.555 mls
To find acceleration using the equation,
v=u2 + 2as
(5.555) =0+ (2 * a*200)
a = 0.077 m/s2
To find the time taken use the eqn, v = u + at
5.555= 0 + (0.077 x t)
:. t= 72.14 sec

Case (ii) Given,

Initial velocity, u= Final velocity of case (i)
Final velocity, v = 50 km/hr = (50*1000)/3600= 13.89 mls
time taken, t = 8 secs,
To find acceleration
using the equation, v = u + at
l3.89 =5.555 + (a*8)
a = 1.0418 m/s2
To find the further distance moved
use the eqn, s = ut + 1/2at=(5.555 x 8) + (1/2*1.0418* 8)
= 77.78 m

7)A train is travelling from A to D along the track shown in fig.Its initial
velocity at A is zero. The train takes 5 min to cover the distance AB, 2250 m
length and 2.5minutes to cover the distance BC, 3000 m in length, on reaching
the station C, the brakes are applied and the train stops 2250 m beyond at D
(i) Find the retardation on CD, (ii) the time it takes the train to get from A to D
(iii) its average speed for the whole distance.

Solution:
Given, Distance
AB' = 2250 m; t = 5 min=(5*60)=300 Secs
BC = 3000 m; t = 2.5 min=(2.5*60)=150Secs
CD = 2250 m; t = ?

Brakes are applied at C.

Train starts from A and stops at D.
(i) Retardation of the train on CD:
let us consider the motion of the train on AB.
Initial velocity u (at A) = 0
Distance, s = 2250 m
Let final velocity (at B) = v
time, t= 5 min = 300 sec
using the equation, s=ut + 1/2at
2250=0 + (1/2* a*300)
a=0.05 mls2
using the eqn, v=u + at
=o + (0.05 x 300)
=15 m/s
:. velocity at B = 15 mls

consider the motion of the train on BC.

Initial velocity (at B), u = 15 mls (as in previous case)
Final velocity at C = v
Distance, S = 3000 m
time, t = 2.5 min = 150 sec
The train is moving on constant acceleration from A to C.
So on BC region also, a = 0.05 m/s2.
Now, using the relation, v = u + at
= 15 + (0.05 x 150)=22.5 mls
consider the motion of the train on CD.
Initial velocity. (at 9, . .u = '27.5 m/s (as in previous case)
Final velocity (at D) = v = 0 ( '.' stops at D)
Distance, s 2250 m
time, t = ?

Using the relation,

v =u+ 2as
0 = (22.5) + (2*a*2250)
:. a =0.1125 m/s2 (retardation)
from the equation, v = u + at
0 = 22.5 - (0.1125 *t)
t = 200 sec or 3.333 min
Retardation on CD =0.1125 m/s2
(ii)Total time taken from A to D
Total time taken by the train from A to D, T= t1 + t2 + t3
=5 + 2.5 + 3.333
= 10.833 min

Average speed of the train for the whole distance

=Total distance travelled/Total time taken
=(2250 + 3000 + 2250)/(10.833 x 60)
=11.538 m/s=41.53km/hr.
8)The velocity of a particle, which is moving in a straight line with constant
retardation, decreases 10m/s while the particle travels 10m and 15m/s while it
travels 12.5 m from the starting point. Find the distance the particle travels
from the starting point till it comes to rest.
Solution:

Consider the motion from o to A

.using v = u+ 2as , u=u,v=(u-10), s=10m.
(u -10) = u +2a(10)
100-20u = 20a
1
u+a= 5
Consider the motion from 0 to B
using v = u+ 2as
(u -15) = u +2a(12.5)
225-30u = 25a
2
6u+5a = 45
Solving the equations (i) and (ii)
u = 20m/s and a = -15m/s2
i.e., retardation = 15m/s2

Consider the motion from o to c:

Velocity at 0, u= 20m/s
Velocity at c, v =0 ( .. comes to rest)
retardation, a = -15m/s2
Distance travelled (OC), s = ?
using v = u+ 2as
0 = 20+ [2*(- 15s)]
s =13.33m.

9)A car starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 4m/s . Determine the
distance travelled in the 7th second.
Solution:
Given: Initial velocity, u =0 ( starts from rest)
acceleration, a = 4m/s2; n = 7
using the relation, Distance travelled in nth second,
S(nth) = a+u/2(2n- 1)
S7=0+ 4 /2(2 x 7 -1)= 26m

Motion of the particle under gravity:

Important result: Upward motion.

(i) Maximum height attained by upward particle

(ii) Time taken by the particle to reach maximum height

Total time taken to return the surface(T) = 2 x Time up

Important result :- Downward motion

Striking-velocity of the particle, moving downwards,
from the position of rest

1)A stone is dropped from the top of a tower, reaches the ground in 8
seconds, find
(i) the height of the tower
(ii) velocity of the particle, when it reaches the ground.

Solution:
Given: Initial velocity, u = 0; time taken, t = 8 seconds
1.Height of the tower
using the relation, h = ut + 1/2gt
h =0+(1/2*99.81*8)=313.92 m.
2.Velocity of the particle, while it reaches the ground
Let v be the velocity (ie, Final velocity) of the particle, while striking the
ground.
using the relation, v = u + gt
v= 0 + (9.81 x 8)
V=78.48 m/s

3)A Stone is thrown vertically upwards.It reaches the max. height 12m.Determine (i) The velocity with
which the stone was thrown ii)The time taken to reach max.height.(iii)Total time taken by the stone, to
return to the ground surface,after projected upwards.
Given data:
Max.height, hmax=12 m.
Solution:
i)Velocity with which the stone was thrown
w.k.t, At max height,velocity V=0,
V2=u2-2gh; 0=u2-(2gh)
u=

2ghmax
u=(2*9.81*12)

= 15.34 m/s.

ii) Time taken to reach max. height

At max height,velocity V=0,
V=u-gt;0=15.34-(9.81*t); t=1.56 Secs.
iii) Total time taken , T=2t=(2*1.56)=3.12 Sec.

4)A particle moves along a straight line with variable acceleration. If the
displacement is measured in m & given by the relation in terms of time taken,
as below,
S = 3t + 2t + 7t + 3
Determine (i) the velocity of the particle at start and after 3 seconds.
(ii) the acceleration of the particle at start and after 3 seconds.
Solution:
velocity v= ds/dt

=9t + 4t + 7

(i)

(i) Velocity at start

To find the velocity of the particle at start, substitute t = 0 in equation (i)
velocity at start, v (9 * 0) + (4 *0) + 7 = 7 m/s.
Velocity after 3 seconds
Substitute t = 3 in equation (i)
Velocity after 3 seconds, V = (9*32) + (4 *3) + 7
=81 +12 + 7 = 100 m/s.
(ii) Acceleration
Differentiate the equation (i) w.r.t 't' to get acceleration.
ii

Acceleration at start
t=0
acceleration at start, a=(18*0) + 4 = 4 m/s
Acceleration after 3 seconds
t=3
acceleration at start, a3=(18*3) + 4 = 58 m/s

5)The equation of motion of a particle is given, acceleration (a) in terms of time

(t) as below.
a =3t + 2t + 4, in which acceleration is in m/s2 and time 't' is in seconds. It is
observed that the velocity of the particle is 12m/s after 4 seconds,' and the
displacement of the particle is 8 m after 4 seconds.
Determine
(i) Velocity after 8 seconds (ii) Displacement after 2 seconds
Solution
Given, a == 3t2 + 2t + 4
Boundary conditions:
at t = 4 sec;
v =12m/s
and
at t = 4 sec;
S =8m

Velocity:
Velocity, V = a dt
= (3t + 2t + 4 )dt
i
V= t +t +4t + C1
To find the constant of integration C1, apply the boundary condition of
velocity
ie, at t = 4 see, V = 12 m/s.
12 = 4 +2 +(4*4) +C1
12=96+C1
C1=-84
V=t +t +4t - 84

Displacement
Displacement, S = v dt
= (t +t +4t - 84)dt

To find the constant of integration C2, apply the boundary condition of

Displacement ie, at t = 4 sec, S = 8m

C2=226.66

Velocity after 8 sec

Substitute t = 8 in velocity equation
V = t +t + 4t - 84
= 83+82+(4x8)-84 =524m/s
Displacement after 2 sec
Substitute t = 2 in displacement equation

S = 73.32m

6)A particle moves along a straight line with an acceleration described by the
equation, a = (3t - 6), in which 'a' is in m/s2; and t is in seconds. It is observed
that distance travelled by the particle is 6 m at the end of 2 seconds and 10 m
at the end of 3 seconds. Calculate,
(i) Velocity after 10 secs (ii) Displacement after 8secs(iii)Determine the time
at which the velocity is max & Calculate the max velocity.
Solution:
a = (3t - 6)
Boundary Condns s=6m ,t=2sec: s=10m,t=3 sec
Velocity, V = a dt
= (3t - 6)dt
V = t - 6t + C1

Displacement,
S = v dt
= (t - 6t + C1) dt

To find the constants of integration C1 and C2 apply the given boundary

conditions.
at t = 2 sec, S = 6m

6 = 4 - 12 + 2C1 + C2
6 = 2C1 + C2 8
or 2C1 +C2 = 14
at t = 3 sec, S = 10m

10 =20.25 - 27 + 3C1 + C2
10 =6.75+ 3C1 + C2
or
3C1 + C2 = 16.75
On Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get
C1 = 2.75 and C2 = 8.5
Substitute C1 and C2 in velocity and

(i)

(ii)

Velocity, V = t - 6t + 2.75
Velocity after 10 seconds
Substitute t = 10 in velocity equation
V = t -6t+2.75 = 10 -(6*l0)+2.75 = 942.75 m/s
Displacement after 8 seconds
Substitute t = 8 in displacement equation

=862.5 m
iii) dv/dt=0=a, 3t2-6=0;3t2=6;
t=1.414 Sec
Sub t=1.414 Sec in velocity eqn, we get V = t - 6t + 2.75
=(1.414)3-(6*1.414)+2.75=-2.90 m/s;Vmin=2.90 m/s.

Kinematics of particles -Newton's Law of Motions.

Important Definitions:
1. Mass
The quantity of matter, contained in a body is known as mass. It is denoted
by the letter m. It is a scalar quantity. Its unit is kg.
2. Weight
Weight of a body is defined as the force, by which the body is attracted
towards the centre of the earth. It is denoted by the letter 'W'. It is a vector
quantity.
Mathematically,
Weight = mass*acceleration due to gravity
W = mg.
In SI system of units, weight is expressed in Newton (N)

Note:

Momentum:
The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body is called 'Momentum'.
For an exact measure of motion, momentum of any moving body is defined as
the product of its mass and velocity. It is denoted by M (Capital letter).
If m mass of a moving body,
v = Velocity of the moving body
then, momentum = mass x velocity (or) M = m x v
Note that, in SI system of units, mass 'm' is in kg and velocity 'v' is in mls
Hence, the unit of momentum is 'kg. m/s'.

Newton's second law of motion:

The change of momentum= Final momentum- Initial momentum
=mv-mu=m(v-u)
:. Rate of change of momentum= Change of momentum/time taken
=m (v-u)/t
P=m.a
(v-u)/t=a
P=m.a called as Fundamental eqn of dynamics.
Frictional force:
The maximum frictional force developed at the contact area is called as
limiting friction
Co-efficient of friction:
The ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction is known as "Co-efficient
of friction.
Co-efficient of friction = Limiting friction/Normal reaction

Case 1 : Body moving on rough horizontal surface

If = Co-efficient of friction
F = N
N = Weight 'w
F = W

Case 2: Body pulled up on an inclined surface

To find Fm:
Resolving the forces normal to the plane, and
equated to zero.
Fm = N ;
NR - W cos= 0
Fm= W cos

1)A body of. mass 16 kg is pulled along a rough horizontal table by a constant
force. It describes 3m from rest in 3 seconds. Find the magnitude of this force.
Take co-efficient of friction as 0.25.
Solution:

Given:
u = 0 (starts from rest); s = 3m; t = 3 sec; = 0.25

By applying Static equilibrium Condn

From V = 0, N = W = mg = 16*9.81 = 156.96 N
Limiting friction, Fm = N = 0.25*156.96 = 39.24 N
using the equation; s = ut + 1/2 at
3 =0 + (1/2*a*3*3)
a =0.667 m/s2
Now, applying the equation of dynamics,
F =ma (System of forces on a single body) but F = P-Fm
P-Fm=ma
P = ma + Fm =(16*0.667) + 39.24
P=49.912 N.

D'Alembert's Principle:
D'Alembert's principle states that, "the system of forces acting on a body in
motion is in dynamic equilibrium, with the inertia force of the body".

1)A Block of mass 10 kg, rests on a horizontal plane, as shown in fig.Find the
magnitude of the force P, required to move the block at an acceleration of
2m/s2 towards right .Take = 0.25.

Solution:
Given, m = 10 kg :. W = mg= 10*9.81 =98.1N
a = 2 m/s2 ; = 0.25
With the Inertia force ,the body is in the Condn
of Static equilibrium V = 0, H= 0
Applying V = 0
N-W-Psin = 0
N-98.1-Psin30 = 0
N= 98.1+0.5P
(1)
Applying H= 0
P cos -F ma=0
but, the frictional force, F= N
= (98.1 + O.5P)

=0.25 ( 98.1 + 0.5 P)

F=24.52 + 0.125 P
:.P cos 30 - (24.52 + 0.125 P) - (10 x 2) = 0
0.741 P = 44.52
P = 60 N
:. The force required to move the block is 60 N.
Motion of a lift:
Let us consider the motion of a lift with some acceleration
(i) the lift is moving upwards (ii) the lift is moving downwards
Case(i) : Lift is moving upwards
W = Weight carried by the lift.
a = uniform acceleration of the lift.
N = Reaction of the lift (which is also equal to the tension T in the cable).

When the lift is moving upwards the net force is acting upwards and hence
the inertia force is acting downwards.
Applying V = 0
N1-W-ma = 0
N1 - W - (W/g *a) =0
N1=W(1+a/g)

Case (ii) : Lift is moving downwards

Applying V = 0
N2+W-ma = 0
Or
N2 + W - (W/g *a) =0
N2=W(1-a/g)

2)A man weighing 600 N gets into a lift. calculate the force exerted by him on
the floor of the lift, when it is
(i) moving upwards with an acceleration of 3m/s2, and
(ii) moving downwards with the same acceleration.
Solution:
(i) When the lift is moving upwards
Force exerted by the man on the floor of lift N1=W(1+a/g)
=600(1+ 3/9.81)
=783.48N
(ii) When the lift is moving downwards
Force exerted by the man on the floor of lift N2=W(1-a/g)
=600(1 - 3/9.81)
=416.51N

3)An elevator of weight (including the weight of man) 4.5 KN starts moving
upwards with a constant acceleration and acquires a velocity of 1.8 m/s, after
travelling a distance of 2m. Find the pull in the cable during accelerated motion.
Solution:
Given: W = 4.5 KN = 4500 N
u = 0 ('.' starts moving from rest)
v = 1.8 m/s ,s = 2m
Using the equation, v = u + 2as
1.8 =0 + (2*a*2)
a=0.81 m/s2 .
Applying V = 0 ( +)
T-4500-ma = 0
T - 4500 - ((4500/9.81) x 0.81)=0
T = 4871.5 N

Motion on an inclined surface:

using p= ma
here P = Wsin
W sin = ma; mg sin = ma
a= gsin.

1)A body of mass 15 kg is initially at rest on a 10 inclined plane. Then it slides

down. Calculate the distance moved by the body, on the inclined plane, when
the velocity reaches to 6m/s. The coefficient of friction between the body and
the plane is 0.1
Solution:

Given, m = 15 kg; :. weight, W = (15*9.81) N = 147.l5 N

u = 0 (. starts from rest) v = 6 m/s ,=10
Resolving the forces normal to the plane
N-147.15 cos 10 =0
N = 147.15 cos 10 = 144.91 N.

Resolving the forces along the plane,

F + ma - Wsin=0
N + ma - W sin =0
(0.1 x 144.91) + ((147.15/9.81)a) - (l47.15sin10)=0
a=0.737 m/s2
Now, using the equation, v = u + 2as
6 =0 + (2 x 0.737 x s)
S=24.42 m
Distance moved by the body is 24.42 m

2)Two Blocks A and B of weight 100 N and 200 N respectively are initially at
rest on a 30 inclined plane as shown in fig. The distance between the blocks is 6
m. The co efficient of friction between the block A and the plane is 0.25 and that
between the block B and the plane is 0.15.If they are released at the same time,
in what time the upper block (B) reaches the lower Block (A).
Given:
WA = 100 N; A= 0.25
WB = 200 N;
B= 0.15

Consider Block B:
Resolving the forces normal to the plane
NB - 200 cos30 = 0
NB = 200 cos 30 = 173.2 N
Resolving the forces along the plane,
FB - 200sin30 + maB = 0

Consider Block A:
Resolving the forces normal to the plane,
NA - 100 cos30 = 0 :. NA= 86.6 N
Resolving the forces along the plane,
FA + maA - 100sin30 = 0

Let t =time at which the blocks A and B touches each other, after released at
same time from rest.
SA = Distance travelled by Block A in time t'.
SB = Distance travelled by Block B in time t'.
To find SA ;
Using the equation s= ut + 1/2at
uA = 0; aA = 2.78 m/s2
SA = 0+(1*2.78t)
SA = 1.39t
To find SB :
Using the equation s= ut + 1/2at
uB = 0; aB = 3.63 m/s2
SB = 0+(1/2X3.63xt)
SB = 1.851t

When the two blocks touch each other, then SB = SA + 6

ie, l.815t = l.392t + 6
t=3.75sec
Motion of Connected Bodies:
Motion of two bodies connected by a string and passing over a smooth pulley.
Fig. shows two bodies of masses ml and m2connected by an inextensible
light string (ie, self weight is neglected), passing over a smooth pulley. Let us
assume the mass m1is less than m2. Due to this condition, the greater mass m2,
will move downwards and the smaller mass ml will move upwards. But, both
the bodies will have the same acceleration.

Let, a = acceleration of the bodies in m/s2

T = Tension in the string in N.
Consider the mass m1:
m1is less than m2, hence it moves upwards
applying V = 0.
T-m1g-m1a=O
or T-m1g=m1a
(1)
Consider the mass m2:
[m2 is greater than m1,hence it moves downwards.]
applying V = 0.
T+m2a-m2g=O
m2a=m2g-T
(2)
solving the two equations (i) and (ii), we get the two
unknowns, acceleration 'a' and the tension in the string 'T'

1)Two blocks A and B of weight 80 N & 60 N are connected by a string, passing

through a smooth pulley, as shown in fig . Calculate the acceleration of the body
and the tension in the string.
Solution:
Given; Weight of block, A, WA=80 N
Weight of block, B, WB=60N
Considering the Block A (moving downwards):
Applying V = 0
T-80 + ma = 0
T - 80 + ((80/9.81) a) = 0
T+ 8.155 a = 80
1

Considering the Block B (moving upwards)

Applying V = 0
T-60-ma = 0
T - 60 + ((60/9.81) a) = 0
T+ 6.116 a = 60
(2)
solving the equations (1) and (2), we get 'a' and T.
T + 8.155 a = 80
T - 6.116 a = 60
(i)- (ii) :- 14.271 a = 20
a =1.401 m/s2
To find T, substitute 'a' in equation (i)
T + 8.155 a=0
T +.8.155 (1.401) = 80
:. T = 68.57 N

2)Two weights 80 N and 20 N are connected by a thread and move along a rough horizontal
Plane under the action of a force 40 N, applied to the first weight of 80 N as shown in fig
.The coefficient of friction between the sliding surfaces of the weights and the plane is 0.3.
Determine the acceleration of the weights and the tension in the thread using D'Alembert's
principle.

Solution:
Let a = acceleration of the weights,
T = Tension in the thread
Consider 80 N block:
Applying V = 0
N1 - 80N =0or N1 = 80N
Applying H = 0
40 -T- F1 +ma=0
40-T-(N1)-ma = 0
40 -T - (0.3 x 80) ((80/9.81)x a) = 0
T+8.155a =16
1

Consider 20N block:

Applying V = 0
N2 - 20 = 0 :. N2=20N
Applying H = 0
T - F2 - ma =0
T-(N2)-ma = 0
T - (0.3 x 20) - ((20/9.81)*a) = 0
T - 2.038a = 6
(2)
solving the two equations (i) and (ii), the two unknowns 'a' and T' can be
determined.
a = 0.981 m/s2 and T = 8N

3)Fig.shows two blocks of weight 60 N and 140 N, placed on two inclined

surfaces and connected by an inextensible string. Calculate the acceleration of
the system and the tension in the string. Take, = 0.2
Solution;
Let a = acceleration of the system, and
T = Tension in the string.
Consider 60 N Block (moving upwards)
Resolving the forces, normal to the plane. V = 0
NR - 60 cos 60 = 0
or NR = 60 cos 60 = 30 N.
Resolving the forces along the plane H = 0
T - 60 sin 60 - F - ma = 0
T - 60sin60 - (0.2 x 30)-((60/9.81)a) = 0
T-51.96-6- 6.116 a= 0
T-6.116a = 57.96 .....(i)

Consider 140 N Block ( moving downwards)

Resolving the forces normal to the plane, V = 0
NR - 140 cos 30 = 0
NR = 140 cos 30 = 121.24 N.
Resolving the forces along the plane H = 0
140 sin 30 - T - F ma= 0; 140sin30-T-(O.2 x 121.24)-((140/9.81) a) = 0
70 - T - 24.24 ((140/9.81)a)= 0
T + 14.27 a = 45.76 .....(ii)
Solving the equations (i) and (ii), we get a = -0.598 m/s2
(-) sign shows that, the body will move in the' opposite direction of the assumed
direction.
ie, 60 N block moves downwards and the 140 N block moves upwards.

Substitute 'a' in equation (i)

T-6.116 a = 57.96;T - (6.116 x -0.598) = 57.96
or T + 3.657= 57.96
T =54.3 N.
.'. Acceleration of the system is 0.598 mls2 and the tension in the string is 54.3 N
Kinetics Of Particles Work Energy Method:
Work:
Work is defined as the product of force and displacement of the body.
Work done by the force = Force x Distance moved
=p x s

Work done Component of force in the direction of motion X Distance moved

= P cos x s

Unit of work:
In SI system of units, force is in Newton and the distance is in m.
:. unit of work is (Newton x meter) = 1 Nm = 1 Joule
:. In SI system of units, unit of work is joule.
1)Determine the total workdone on a 5 kg body, which is pulled 6m up on a
rough inclined plane, as shown in fig. Take the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the body and the plane is 0.2.
Solution:
To find Fx
Fx=70cos 10 - (5 x 9.81 sin 30) - F
Fx=70cos 10 - (5 x 9.81 sin 30) - N

To find the normal reaction (N), resolve the forces normal to the plane and
equate to zero.
NR + 70sin 10 - (5 x 9.81cos 30) = 0
NR + 12.15 - (42.47) = 0
. . NR = 30.32 Newton
Substitute the value of 'N' in Fx equation,
Fx=70cos 10 - (5 x 9.81 sin 30) - F
Fx=70cos 10 - (5 x 9.81 sin 30) (0.2*30.32)
=68.93 - 24.52 - 6.06= 38.35 N.
:.Workdone = Fx *s
= 38.35 x 6 = 230 N = 230 Joule.

Power
The rate of doing work is known as power
:. Power =workdone/ time= (Force x Distance)/ time
= Force x Velocity
Unit of power
In SI system of units, unit of work is Newton-metre, and the unit of time is sec .
so, um.t 0f power = -Nm/sec = 1 watt
:. In SI system, unit of power is watt.
Energy:
The capacity of doing work is known as Energy.
Unit of energy is same as that of work.
Potential Energy:
It is the capacity to do work by virtue of position of the
body. It is. denoted by P.E.

Work done by the body = Force*Distance

= mg*h= mgh
Potential Energy, P.E = mgh
Kinetic Energy:
It is the capacity to do work by virtue of motion of the body.
It is denoted by K.E
Kinetic Energy, K.E. = 1/2mv
1)An aero plane of mass 8 tonne is flying at a rate of 250 kmph, at a height of
2km above the ground level; Calculate the "total energy possessed by the aero
plane.
Solution:
Mass= 8t = 8 x 1000 = 8000 kg
velocity, v = 250 km/hr = 250*1000 /3600= 69.44m/s
height, h =2 km = 2000 m.

Potential Energy, P.E. = mgh= 8000 x 9.81 x 2000

=15696 x 104 Nm
= 15696 x 104 Joules.
Kinetic Energy,K.E. = 1/2mv= t1/2x 8000 x (69.44)
= 19287654 Nm
= 19287654 Joules.
Total Energy = P.E+ K.E.
= .(15696 x 104) + (19287654)
= 176247654 Joules
=176.247 x 106 Joules or l76.24 MJ

Work-Energy Equation:
Work done =
Final Kinetic Energy - Initial Kinetic Energy
Note:
If a system of forces are acting on a moving
body, then the work-energy equation as
modified as below.
F*s = W/2g [V - u]
If a system of forces are acting on a system of
bodies, then the work-energy equation is,
F*s = W/2g [V - u]

1)A body of weight 600N, is placed on a 20 inclined plane and pulled by a 500N
force, applied parallel to the plane as shown in fig.If the initial velocity of the
body is 2m/s, calculate the final velocity of the body, when it has travelled a
distance of 2m. Take the coefficient of kinetic friction between the body and the
plane is 0.2.

Solution:
The free body diagram of the body is shown in fig.
Work energy equation is, Work done = Change in Kinetic Energy
F*s = W/2g [V - u]
Fx = Net force in the direction of motion
In this problem Fx = Net force along the plane, ie, xx axis.
Fx = 500 - F - 600sin 20
= 500 - (NR)- 600sin 20
To find NR, resolve the forces, normal to the plane
NR - 60Ocos 20 = 0
:. NR = 600cos 20 =563.81 N'
.. Fx = 500 - (0.2 x 563.81) - 600sin 20 = 182N

Substituting in the work energy equation

solving, v = 3.987 m/s.
Motion of connected bodies - Work-Energy Equation:

To apply the work-energy equation, first find the net force along the direction of
motion of the system.

Applying work-energy principle,

Total work done of the system =Total change in kinetic energy of the system

1)Two weights 80N and 20N are connected by a thread and move along a
rought horizontal V plane under the action of a force 40N, applied-to the first
weight of 80N as shown in fig. The coefficient of friction between the sliding
surfaces of the weights and the plane is 0.3. Determine the acceleration of the
weights and the tension in the thread using work-energy equation.

Solution:
The forces acting on the bodies are shown in fig

Fx = 40 - (0.3 x 20) - (0.3 x 80)

=10N
now, applying the work-energy equation,

or v=1.962s

Substitute v2 = 1.962s in the equation, v2 =u2 + 2as

1.962s = 0+ 2as ;a= 0.981m/s2
To find T:
Apply work-energy equation on anyone body.
Consider 20N block,
Free body diagram of 20N weight is shown in fig.
Workdone = Net force x Distance
={T - (0.3 x 20)}s
=(T - 6)s ........................(i)
Change in kinetic energy=W/2g(v - u)

Equating (i) and (ii), we get

T=8N
Kinetics of Particles Impulse and Momentum

The Impulse-Momentum method is based on integration of kinetic equations

of motion with respect to time.This method is particularly suitable for analysing
the kinetic problems, when (i) The force varies with time
(ii) Large force, acts for a short period of time in the case of sudden blow or
impact.
Impulse of a force:When a large force acts for a short period of time, that force is called an
Impulsive force.
It is denoted by the symbol I. It is a vector quantity.

Linear Impulse = Force x Time; Unit is N.

Momentum:Momentum = Mass x Velocity

M = mv
Impulse - Momentum equation:
Impulse = Final momentum - Initial momentum
or Final momentum = Initial momentum + Impulse.
1)A 500 N block is in contact with a level plane, the coefficient of friction
between two contact surfaces being 0.25. If the block is acted upon by a
horizontal force of 1300 N, what time it' will elapse before the block reaches a
velocity of 24 m/s.

Given, W = 500 N
= 0.25; v = 24 m/s,u=0.
Normal reaction, NR = 500 N
Frictional force, F = NR
= 0.25 x 500 = 125 N
The Net force along the direction of motion,
F =1300 F = 1300-125 = 1175N
The Net force along the direction of motion,
F x t = m(v-u)
t =1.04 sec.

Kinetics of Particles - Impact of Elastic bodies

The time taken by the bodies in compression, after the instant of collision is
known as time of compression.
The time taken by the bodies to regain the original shape and size after
compression is known as time of restitution.
The sum of time of compression and time of restitution is known as
time of collision (or) time of impact.
Direct impact:
In direct impact, the velocities of the two colliding bodies, before collision
are collinear with the line of impact.

Oblique Impact:
In oblique impact, the velocities of the two colliding .bodies, before
collision are not collinear with the line the impact.

Period of restitution:The time elapsed from the instant of initial contact to the max. deformation
is known as period of deformation and the time elapsed from the instant of
max. deformation to the instant of just separation of particle is known as
Period of restitution.

Co-efficient of restitution:
The ratio of the magnitude of restitution impulse to the magnitude of
deformation impulse is known as co-efficient of restitution, denoted by the
letter 'e'.
Co-efficient of restitution=
impulse during restitution/ impulse during deformation
e=(v2-v1)/(u1-u2)
Note:
Law of conservation of momentum:
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Newton's law of collision of elastic bodies:

(v2 v1) == e(ul - u2)
ie, velocity of separation =e *(velocity of approach)
1)A sphere of mass 1kg moving with a velocity 2 m/s impinges directly
on a sphere of mass 2 kg at rest. If the first sphere comes to rest after the
impact, find the velocity of the second sphere and the co-efficient of
restitution.
Solution:
Given:
m1 = lkg; u = 2 m/s v1 = 0
m2 = 2 kg ; u= 0
v2 =? e=?
From law of conservation of momentum,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

(1 *2) + (2*0) = (1 x 0) + (2 x v2)

v2=1 m/s.
From Newton's law of collision of bodies,
e=(v2-v1)/(u1-u2)
(1 - 0) = e (2 - 0)
e = 1/2 = 0.5
The velocity of the second sphere after impact is 1 m/s; and the co-efficient of
restitution is 0.5.
2)A ball strikes centrally on another ball of mass twice the mass of first ball but
moving with a velocity 1/7 th of the velocity of first ball and in the same
direction. Show that, the first ball comes to rest after impact. The co-efficient of
restitution between them is 3/4.

Solution:
Given, Mass of second body Twice the mass of first body

Velocity of second body =1/7 x velocity of first body

e= ; both are moving in the same direction
Let, mass of first body, ml =m
mass of second body, m2 =2m
Initial velocity of first body, u1 = u
Initial velocity of second body, u2 =1/7 x u=u/7
v1 and v2 be the final velocities of the bodies, after impact.

Applying law of conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

Dividing by m on either side,

u+2u/7=v1+v2
2v2 +v1 = 9u/7 .(i)
Applying newton's law of collision,
(v2 v1) =e(u1 - u2)

v2 v1 == 9u/14 ..... (i)

Solving the equations (i) and (ii) we get v1 and v2

Substitute v2=9u/14 in equation (ii)

Final velocity of first body after impact is zero.

Oblique Central Impact:

law of conservation of momentum

Newtons Law of Collision:

1)A Ball of mass 500 grams, moving with a velocity of 1m/s impinges on a ball
of mass 1 kg, moving with a velocity of O.75 m/s. At the time of impact, the
velocities of the balls are parallel and inclined at 600 to the line joining their
centres. Determine the velocities and directions of the balls after impact. Take,
e = 0.6.
Solution:
Given:
m1 =0.5 kg; ul =1 m/s ; 1 =60
m2 =1kg; u2 == 0.75 m/s; 2 =60
Calculate, v1, v2 , 1 and 2
The vertical components of velocities before and after impact are the same.
u1 sin1 =v1 sin 1
u2 sin2 =v2 sin 2

u1 sin1 =1x sin60=0.866 v1 sin 1=0.8661 ..(i)

u2 sin2 =0.75x sin 60= 0.649
v2 sin 2=0.649 ..(ii)
Applying law of conservation of momentum along the line of impact,
(0.5 x 1 x cos 60) + (1 x 0.75 x cos 60) = (O.5v1 cos1) + (1 x v2 cos2)
O.5v1 cos1 + v2 cos2 =0.625 ......(iii)
Applying Newton's law of collision along the line of impact
=0.6 ( 1 x cos 60 - 0.75 cos 60)
v2cos1-v1cos1 =0.75 (iv)
Solving the equations (iii) & (iv)
eqn (iii) - eqn (iv) =1.5v1 cos1 =0.55
v cos = 0.376
..(v)

tan1= 2.359;1=1/tan (2.359)=67

Substituting the value of 1 in eqn (v)
From equation (iv),
v2cos1-v1cos1=0.75
v2cos1 =0.075 + 0.367=0.442

tan2=1.468;
2=1/tan (1.468)
2=55.74.

Substituting 2 =55.74 in eqn (vi)

v2 cos2 = 0.442
v2 COS 55.74 = 0.442
v2 = 0.442/cos55.7
v2=0.785m/s