Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

WELCOME

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

LIGHT
From the view point of physics, light is regarded as that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum which lie between the wavelength limit of 380 nanometers and 770
nanometers. Visually there is some individual variation in these limits.

Slide No. 2

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Some Basic Parameters

Luminous flux
Luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of
light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total power of light
emitted, in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of
the human eye to different wavelengths of light.
The SI unit of luminous flux is the lumen (lm). One lumen is defined as the
luminous flux of light produced by a light source that emits one candela of
luminous intensity over a solid angle of one steradian.

Luminous Intensity
Quotient of the luminous flux leaving the source propagated in an element
of solid angle containing the given direction, by the element of a solid angle.
The SI unit of luminous intensity is Candela (cd)
Is the expression of light lumen emitted by light source in a given direction
per unit solid angle

Slide No. 3

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Luminous efficacy
The luminous efficacy of a source of light is the quotient of the total lumen
luminous flux emitted divided by the total lamp power input .
Illuminance
In photometry, illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface,
per unit area. The SI unit of illuminance is Lux.
Is the quantity of light emitted by a light source at a distance of 1 m on a
surface having area of 1 sq.m
Coefficient of utilization
A coefficient of utilization (CU) is a measure of the efficiency of a luminaire
in transferring luminous energy to the working plane in a particular area.
The CU is the ratio of lumens from a luminaire, incident upon a work plane
relative to the lumens emitted by the lamps within the luminaire

Slide No. 4

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Maintenance Factor
It takes into account the reduction of luminous flux lumen due to the
soiling of the luminaire. It is the ratio of the average illuminance on the
working plane after a specified period of use of a lighting installation to
the average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for a new
installation.
Correlated Colour Temperature
Temperature of a black body which emits radiation having chromaticity
nearest to that of the light source under consideration.
CRI
The color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of
a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in
comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Light sources with a
high CRI are desirable in color-critical applications.

Slide No. 5

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Glare
This is defined as a condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a
reduction in the ability to see significant objects, or both. This may occur due
to an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance or due to extreme
contrasts in space or time.
Generally two types of glares are discussed Disability and Discomfort Glare.
Disability glare impairs the vision of objects without necessarily causing
discomfort. This generally happens due to scattering of light, either directly
from a light source or due to internal properties of eye. Discomfort glare
takes place due to extreme contrast of a light source either in respect of
background illuminance or due to variable luminance with respect to time.
Lack of proper shielding, improper positioning or improper direction may
cause glare of a light source.

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

2007

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Sources of light
Incandescent lamps

Incandescent lamp is a source of electric light that works by incandescence.

An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it
produces light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from
reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by
oxidation.

Highly magnified photo of a 200 watt light bulb filament

Slide No. 8

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Gas discharge lamps

Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by
sending an electrical discharge through an ionized gas, i.e. a plasma. The character of
the gas discharge critically depends on the frequency or modulation of the current.
Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton and xenon) or a mixture of
these gases. Most lamps are filled with additional materials, like mercury, sodium,
and/or metal halides. In operation the gas is ionized, and free electrons, accelerated by
the electrical field in the tube, collide with gas and metal atoms. Some electrons
circling around the gas and metal atoms are excited by these collisions, bringing them
to a higher energy state. When the electron falls back to its original state, it emits a
photon, resulting in visible light or ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is
converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass
surface for some lamp types. The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gasdischarge lamp.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Low pressure discharge lamps

Fluorescent lamps, the most common lamp in office lighting and many other
applications, produce up to 100 lumens/watt

Low pressure sodium vapor lamps, the most efficient gas-discharge lamp
type, producing up to 200 lumens/watt, but at the expense of very poor color
rendering. The almost monochromatic yellow light is only acceptable for street
lighting and similar applications.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

High pressure discharge lamps

Metal halide lamps: These lamps produce almost white light, and attain 100 lumen/watt light
output. Applications include indoor lighting of high buildings, parking lots, shops, sport terrains.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

High pressure sodium vapour lamps: producing up to 150 lumens/watt. These

lamps produce a broader light spectrum than the low pressure sodium lamps. Also
used for street lighting, and for artificial photo assimilation for growing plants.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

High pressure mercury-vapor lamps: This lamp type is the oldest high
pressure lamp type, being replaced in most applications by the metal halide
lamp and the high pressure sodium lamp.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Luminous
efficacy
(lumen/watt
)

CRI

Average
life
expectanc
y (Hrs)

Incandescent

10-15

100

1000

Fluorescent

80-90

75-85

24000

Compact Fluorescent

70-80

80-85

12000

Standard Metal Halide

80

65

20000

Type of Lamp

Standard High Pressure

Sodium

90-100

20-25

1500020000

Standard High Pressure

Mercury Vapor

50-60

40-50

1500020000

Daylight

Module III B
Session 3

100

Induction programme for GETS June

2007

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Objectives of Lighting Installation

To provide a specified average intensity of illumination at
working level (depending on the requirement for the
respective nature of application)
To maintain a proper luminance illuminance distribution ,
i.e., to maintain a reasonable Uniformity Ratio
To minimize the glare for the persons involved
To Provide a good colour rendering for the objects
Maintaining proper direction of incidence of light and
optimize the shadow effect
Maintain proper direction of incidence light and minimize
shadow effect
To provide an arrangement of the fixtures, that is in line
with the application requirement as well as conforms to
aesthetic requirement.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Lighting Calculation
Decide upon the level of illumination required.
Decide upon the height of the working plane and the fixture
mounting height.
Based on the room dimensions, calculate the Room Index
( R.I) as follows
R.I =

l b
hm (l b)

l = Room Length
b = Room Width
hm = Mounting Height over the work plane

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

2007

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Decide upon the type of fixture to be used

Using the manufacturers catalogue for the fixture,
calculate the Coefficient of Utilization(CU) corresponding to
the calculated room index and taking into account the
reflectance factor. Commonly, reflectance factor of 20%,
70% and 50% is considered for working plane, ceiling and
walls respectively.
Decide upon the maintenance factor, M.F commonly
taken as 0.8, which accounts for the reduced output from
the fixture due to ageing and dust formation.
Calculate No. ofEfixture
l b required as follows
N=

Module III B
Session 3

CU MF

Induction programme for GETS June

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Point by Point Illumination Level is calculated based on the

photometric curve of the fixture provided by the manufacturer
A Typical photometric curve for an industrial tube fixture:

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Luminous Intensity in any direction is determined from

Photometric Curve

Then Intensity of illumination ( Lux) is calculated by well

known equation

E=

Module III B
Session 3

I Cos
r2

Induction programme for GETS June

2007

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Demonstration of a lighting calculation

software ( CGLUX)

Module III B
Session 3

Induction programme for GETS June

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Lahmeyer International (India) Pvt. Ltd.