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INTRODUCTION
The theory of behaviorism focuses on the
study of observable and measurable behavior is
mostly learned through conditioning and
reinforcement (rewards and punishment). It does
not give much attention to the mind, and the
possibility of thought processes occurring in the
mind. Contributions in the development of the
behaviorist theory largely came from Pavlov,
Watson, Thorndike and Skinner.
BEHAVIORISM
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian physiologist is well know for his
work in classical conditioning or stimulus
substitution. Pavlovs most renowned experiment
involved meat, a dog and a bell. Pavlov was
measuring the dogs salivation in order to study
digestion. This is when he stumbled upon
classical conditioning.
Pavlovs Experiment
Before conditioning, ringing the bell caused
no response from the dog. Placing food in front of
the dog initiated salivation. During the
conditioning.
No response
(Neutral Stimulus)
salivation
(unconditioned
response)
Meat
(unconditioned stimulus)
Salivation
(conditioned response)
Classical Conditioning
Edward L. Thorndike
Edward Thorndike Connectionism theory
gave us the original S-R framework of behavioral
psychology. More than a hundred years ago he
wrote a text book entitled, Educational
psychology.
He was the first one to use this term. He
explained that learning is the result of
associations forming forming between stimuli
and responses.
Law of Exercise
Tells us that the more an S-R (stimulus
response) bond is practiced the stronger it will
become. Practice makes effect seem to be
associated with this. The law exercises also had
to be revised when Thorndike found that practice
without feedback does not necessarily enhance
performance.
Law of Readiness
Stated that, more readiness the learner has
to respond to the stimulus, the stronger will be
the bond between them. When a person is ready
to respond to a stimulus and is not made to
respond, it becomes annoying to the person.
JOHN WATSON
John B. Watson was the first American
psychologist to work with Pavlovs ideas. He too
initially involved in animal studies, then later
became involved in human behavior research.
He considered that humans are born with
few reflexes and the emotional reactions of love
and rage.
Experiment on Albert
Watson applied classical conditioning in his
experiment concerning Albert, a young child and
a white rat.
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is based upon the notion
that learning is a result in overt behavior. Changes in
behavior are the result of an individuals response to
events (stimuli) that occur in the environment.
Reinforcement
is the key element in Skinners S-R theory. A
reinforcer is anything that strengthen the desired
response. There is a positive reinforcer and negative
reinforcer.
Positive reinforcer
is any stimulus that is given or added to increase
the response. A example of positive reinforcement is
when a teacher promises to extra time in the play
area to children who behave well during the lesson.
Negative reinforcer
is any stimulus that results in the increased
frequency of a response when it is withdraw or
removed. A negative reinforcer is not a
punishment, in fact it is a reward.
a negative punishment is different from
punishment because a punishment is a
consequence intended to result in reduces
responses.
Shaping of Behavior
an animal on the cage may be take a very
long time to figure out that pressing a lever will
produce food.
Behavior chaining
come about when a series of steps are
needed to be learned. The animal would master
each step in sequence until the entire sequence is
learned.
Reinforcement Schedules
once the desired behavioral response is
accomplished, reinforcement does not have to be
100% in fact it can be maintained more
successfully through what Skinner referred to as
partial
reinforcement
schedule.
Partial
reinforcement include interval schedules and
ratio schedules.
Latent Learning
is a kind of learning that remains or stays
with the individual until needed. It is learning
that is not outwardly manifested at once.
According to Tolman it can exist even without
reinforcement.
The concept of Intervening variable
intervening variables are variables that are
not readily seen but serve as determinants of
behavior. Tolman believed that learning is
mediated or is influenced by expectations,
perceptions, representations, needs ad other
internal or environmental variables.
TOLMANS PURPOSIVE
BEHAVIORISM
Purposive behavior
has also been referred to as in sign learning
theory and is often seen as the link between
behaviorism and cognitive theory. Tolmans
theory was founded on two psychological views,
those of the Gestalt psychologists and those of
John Watson, the behaviorism.
Tolmans believed that learning is a cognitive
process. Learning involves forming beliefs and
obtaining knowledge about the environment and
then
revealing
that
knowledge
through
purposeful and goal-direct behavior.
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COGNITIVE
LEARNING
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FACTOR
OF
SOCIAL
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EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS OF
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
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