HYDROGEN SULFIDE

H 2S

GROUP 2
AYU KUSTINI
ARDHIKA RIZALDI
HERFANDO MAULANA ALHAFIZH
MACHDA NADIRA DELANEIRA

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable, extremely

hazardous gas with a rotten egg smell. Some common

names for the gas include sewer gas, stink damp, swamp
gas and manure gas. It occurs naturally in crude petroleum,
natural gas, and hot springs.
In addition, hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial
breakdown of organic materials and human and animal
wastes (e.g., sewage). Industrial activities that can produce
the gas include petroleum/natural gas drilling and refining,
wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft
paper mills. Hydrogen sulfide can also exist as a liquid
compressed gas.
(OSHA,2005)

CHARACTERISTIC
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly poisonous, invisible, and explosive
gas.
Heavier than air
Easily soluble in water
Solubility H2S in water :
437 ml /100 ml water on 0oc ;
186 ml/100 ml water on 40oc ;
LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) = 4,3%
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) = 45%
Autoignition Temperature = 500oF (260oC) ;
Boiling Point = -60,4oC;
Freezing Point = -85,5oC
Molecular Weight = 34,08;
Short term exposure limit = 15 ppm

SOURCE & OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Nature
Vulcanic Gases
Damp Areas
Sulfur-Containing Material
Decomposing by Bacterial Action
Etc.

Industry
Undesirable by Products ( Petrochemical Industry, Beet
Sugar Plants, Leather Tannaries, Sewage Treatment, etc)

Occupational Exposure
Sewage treatment plant workers, miners, metallurgies, silo
workers, sugar beet processors, tannery workers, viscous
rayon and cellophane workers, chemical plant workers
(manufacturing of sulfuric acids, barium salts, etc.) are at
greatest risk of exposure.

ABSORPTION
In Industrial exposure, H2S absorption
only through respiratory tract
(inhalation)

EXCRETION
Only a small proportion (less than 10%) of the

amount absorbed is excreted unchanged in expired

air.
The metabolites of hydrogen sulfide (sulfates,

thiosulfates) are excreted in the urine.

BIOTRANSFORMATION

Hydrogen sulfide undergoes rapid oxidation to sulfates.

It acts as an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase (Warburgs respiratory

enzyme).

Asphyxia

Beside causing irritation on eyes and respiration tract, h2s also inhibit
the activities of cytochrome oxsidase enzyme which serves to turn ionic
oxygen became oxygen molecule, so the body cells cant using oxygen
is carried away by blood and this situation will causing asphyxia.
(H2S classified as chemical asphyxiant)

CHEMICAL ASPHYXIATION

Hydrogen sulfide paralysis the respiratory center

of the brain and the olfactory nerve.

At sufficiently high levels, these chemicals

asphyxiants can cause almost instantaneous
collapse and unconsciousness.

ACUTE & CHRONIC EFFECT

Accute Effect

Hydrogen sulfide has a direct irritant action on the eyes, which sometimes leads to
keratoconjunctivitis.

It is also an irritant of the respiratory tract and may cause bronchitis or even pulmonary edema.

High concentrations have paralyzing effects on the olfactory apparatus and the odor of the gas
is no longer perceived.

Symptoms of acute poisonings include : irritation of the eyes and airways, headache, vertigo,
giddiness, drowsiness and retrosternal pain.

In severe poisoning, coma, convulsions, and death may occur, sometimes within a few seconds.

CHRONIC EFFECT
Nonspecific symptoms and disorders such as impaired sleep,
headache, vertigo, poor concentration, lability of mood,
hyperhydrosis, automatic nervous system impairment, chronic
bronchitis, and dyspepsia are accepted by some authorities as
resulting from long-term exposure to concentrations of H2S
lower than those causing acute poisoning. Others do not
accept the existence of chronic poisoning.

FIRE
TRIANGLE
Hea
t

Oxygen

Fuel

FIRE TRIANGLE
In order for a fire to start

or be sustained you need

to have a fuel, an oxidizer
and an ignition source.
If one of the three
components is eliminated,
than there will not be a
fire (or explosion).
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Incompatible Materials
13

FLAMMABLE LIMIT

4,3
%

45
%
14

Flammable/Explosive
Range

< 4,3%

4,3%- 45%

> 45%

UDARA

UDARA

UDARA

Bensin
15

RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS

FLAMMABLE (RED COLOR)

4 Extremely flammable
3 Ignites at normal temperatures.
2 Ignites when moderately heated.
1 Must be preheated to burn.
0 Will not burn.

EKA

1
7

FIRST AID PROCEDURE

Segera pindahkan korban ke suatu tempat yang
berudara segar
Bila korban mengeluh sesak napas, segera beri
oksigen
Bila korban berhenti bernapas segera lakukan
pernapasan buatan dan bawalah ke rumah sakit.
Immediately move victim to fresh air somewhere
When the victims complained of shortness of breath , give oxygen
immediately
When the victim stops breathing immediately did CPR and take it to the
hospital .

PREVENTIVE
Adequate ventilation
Using PPE (Chemical respirator/Chemical Cartridge
respirator, canister gas mask or supplied-air respirator, and
chemical goggles)
Medical check before working, periodical and specifically: a
focussed his eyes, nerves, cardio vascular and respiratory
system.
Monitoring work environment
For those who suffer heart disease , the respiratory tract ,
kerato-conjuctivitis , arteriosclerosis of the brain , and need
to avoid anemi from exposure hydrogen sulphide .

SUBSTITUTION
Some well known examples of substitution :
Materials
Replacement of cancer and mesothelioma causing
asbestos fibers by safer synthetic substitutes (glass
and rock wool, ceramic fibers).
Removal of benzene (causes leukemia) as an
industrial solvent and replacement by less hazardous
aromatic solvents e.g. xylene.
Replacement of carbon tetrachloride for dry cleaning
with less toxic perchloroethylene.

20

VENTILATION

CHOICE OF VENTILATION TYPE

How the hazards present themselves in

the workplace (e.g. are they generated

at point sources, or diffused such as
from cigarette smoke or building
furnishings).
The degree of risk associated with each

hazard (e.g. a little or a lot, very toxic

hazards or low toxicity hazards.

NATURAL DILUTION VENTILATION

Important features of natural dilution

ventilation are :
It uses large volume of fresh made-up air
to dilute the contaminant and sweep it
outside the workplace.
Air velocity needs only to be relatively
low.

NATURE VENTILATION

24

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

Lembar data yang memberi informasi tentang
bahaya potensial dan aspek K3 dari penggunaan
bahan kimia berbahaya.
MSDS harus :
Tersedia di tempat Kerja
Mudah diakses
Dipahami oleh pengguna
Dipelihara dan diperbaharui.

Environmental monitoring account

neither for skin absorption,
accumulation, the use of personal
protective equipment, differences in
physical activity, working habits, and
personal hygiene nor for nonoccupational exposure, while
biological monitoring accounts for all
of these.

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PEMERIKSAAN KESEHATAN
TENAGA KERJA
Pemeriksaan Kesehatan
Awal
Pemeriksaan Kesehatan
Berkala
Pemeriksaan Kesehatan
Khusus

PEMERIKSAAN AWAL

Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan agar

tenaga kerja yang diterima berada dalam
kondisi kesehatan yang setinggi-tinginya,
tidak menderita penyakit menular yang dapat
menularkan penyakitnya pada tenaga kerja
lain, dan untuk menyerasikan tenaga kerja
dengan pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan
sedemikian rupa sehingga kesehatan dan
keselamatan tenaga kerja yang bersangkutan
dan tenaga kerja lainnya dapat terjamin.

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PEMERIKSAAN
BERKALA
Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan untuk
menilai sedini mungkin adanya pengaruh
dari pekerjaan atau lingkungan kerja.
Selain itu, pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala
bertujuan pula untuk menilai efektifitas
dari usaha pencegahan yang telah
dilakukan oleh perusahaan.

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PEMERIKSAAN
KHUSUS
Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini perlu diselenggarakan
bagi :
1. Tenaga kerja yang baru sembuh dari penyakit
atau kecelakaan yang memerlukan perawatan
lebih dari 2 (dua) minggu.
2. Tenaga kerja yang berusia lebih dari 40 tahun
atau tenaga kerja wanita, tenaga kerja cacat
dan tenaga kerja yang berusia muda yang
melakukan pekerjaan tertentu.
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Use of PPE can be an

effective part of the health
and safety program in the
workplace. But it will only
work if it is :
Selected carefully
Used and maintained
properly
Monitor carefully

PPE is often uncomfortable, making it

difficult to work effectively.

This make cause stress, increase the time

spent working in dangerous environments,

and make it less likely that PPE will be used
to the full extent it should be.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING

RESPIRATORS
Expected concentration of each

respiratory hazard;
Immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH) concentration;
Oxygen concentration or expected
oxygen concentration;
Eye irritation potential; and
Environmental factors, such as presence
of oil aerosols.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respirators protect you from breathing

hazardous airborne contaminants.

They must be properly selected, fitted, and
maintained.
Most important, you must know their proper
uses and limitations.
If the contaminants in your work environment
require you to wear a respirator, wear it.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic

substance, even for a short time, can cause

serious injury or death.
Exposure to low concentrations of certain
toxic substances can cause permanent
damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other
organs.
Work environments can be fatal if the
oxygen content of the air is too low.

SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR/SCBA

TWIN
CHEMICAL
CARTRIDGE
RESPIRATOR
37

COPD/PPOM