Unit III - Multiple Access Techniques

for Wireless Communications

What is Duplexing?

When a subscriber can send as well as receive the

information simultaneously from the base station.

TYPES
OF
DUPLEXING

FREQUENCY
DIVISION
DUPLEXING
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TIME
DIVISION
DUPLEXING
2

Narrowband Systems
Used to relate the BW of single channel to the expected
coherence BW of the channel
Available radio spectrum is divided into large number of
narrowband channels.
Maximum frequency separation in the frequency spectrum to
minimize interference between forward and reverse channels.
Narrowband TDMA

Each user is assigned a unique time slot in cyclical fashion

The time slots are allotted on the same radio channel.
Large no. of radio channels allocated using either FDD or TDD

Narrowband FDMA

Each user is assigned a particular channel which is not shared by

other users in the vicinity .
FDMA/FDD: The single channel is actually two simplex channels
which are frequency duplexed with 45 MHz split

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Wideband Systems

Transmission bandwidth of single channel is much larger than

the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
Multipath fading doesnt greatly vary the received signal power.
Large number of transmitters are allowed to transmit on one
channel
Wideband CDMA

Allows all tranmitters to access the channel at the same time

Wideband TDMA

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Allots time slots to many transmitters on the same channel.

Only one transmitter is allowed to access the channel at one instant
of time.

Multiple AccessTechniques
To accommodate a number of users, many traffic
channels need to be made available
In principle, there are three basic ways to have many
channels within an allocated bandwidth

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Concepts and Models of FDMA,

TDMA and CDMA
In one BS radio service range, many MSs are
located.
MS must distinguish which signal meant for itself
among many signals being transmitted by other
users.
BS should be able to recognize the signal sent by a
particular user.
In cellular system, MS not only can distinguish a
signal from a serving BS but also can discriminate
the signal from adjacent BS

Concepts and Models of FDMA,

TDMA and CDMA (cont.)
A Radio Signal can be presented as a function of
frequency, time and code.
s (f,t,c) = s(f,t)c(t)
Where
s(f,t) a function of frequency and time
c(t) a function of code

When c(t) = 1 then

s (f,t,c) = s(f,t)

Concepts and Models of FDMA,

TDMA and CDMA (cont.)

System employs different carrier frequency FDMA system.

System uses distinct time TDMA system.
System uses different code CDMA system.
In wireless communications, it is necessary to utilize limited
frequency bands at the same time, allowing multiple users (MSs)
to share radio channel simultaneously.
To provide simultaneous two-way communication (duplex
communication) :
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
FDMA uses FDD, TDMA & CDMA uses TDD or FDD

FDMA

FDMA

TDMA

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

Preamble: contains address and sync information that BS

and subscriber use to identify each other.
Guard times: Utilized to allow synchronization of the
receivers between different slots and frames.
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Frame Structure in TDMA

One TDMA Frame
Preamble

Information Message

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3

Trail Bits

Sync. Bits

Information Data

The frame is cyclically repeated over time.

Trail Bits

Slot N

Guard Bits

Features of TDMA
a single carrier frequency for several users
transmission in bursts
low battery consumption
handoff process much simpler
FDD : switch instead of duplexer
very high transmission rate
high synchronization overhead
guard slots necessary

FDMA compared to TDMA

fewer bits for synchronization
fewer bits for framing
higher cell site system costs
higher costs for duplexer used in base station
and subscriber units
FDMA requires RF filtering to minimize
adjacent channel interference

Nonlinear Effects in FDMA

many channels - same antenna
for maximum power efficiency operate near
saturation
near saturation power amplifiers are nonlinear
nonlinearities causes signal spreading
intermodulation frequencies

Nonlinear Effects in FDMA

IM are undesired harmonics
interference with other channels in the FDMA
system
decreases user S/I - decreases performance
interference outside the mobile radio band:
adjacent-channel interference
RF filters needed - higher costs

Number of channels in a FDMA system

Bt -2Bguard
N=
Bc
N number of channels
Bt total spectrum allocation
Bguard guard band
Bc channel bandwidth

Example: Advanced Mobile Phone System

AMPS
FDMA/FDD
analog cellular system
12.5 MHz per simplex band - Bt
Bguard = 10 kHz ; Bc = 30 kHz
12.5E6 - 2*(10E3)
N=
30E3

= 416 channels

Number of channels in a TDMA system

m*(Btot - 2*Bguard)
N=
Bc
N number of channels
m number of TDMA users per radio channel
Btot total spectrum allocation
Bguard Guard Band
Bc channel bandwidth

Example: Global System for Mobile (GSM)

TDMA/FDD
forward link at Btot = 25 MHz
radio channels of Bc = 200 kHz
if m = 8 speech channels supported, and
if no guard band is assumed :

8*25E
N=
6200E3

= 1000 simultaneous users

Efficiency of TDMA
percentage of transmitted data that contain
information
frame efficiency f
usually end user efficiency < f ,
because of source and channel coding

Efficiency of TDMA
bOH = Nr*br + Nt*bp + Nt*bg + Nr*bg
bOH number of overhead bits
Nr number of reference bursts per frame
br reference bits per reference burst
Nt number of traffic bursts per frame
bp overhead bits per preamble in each slot
bg equivalent bits in each guard time
interval

Efficiency of TDMA
bT = Tf * R
bT total number of bits per frame
Tf frame duration
R channel bit rate

Efficiency of TDMA
f = (1-bOH/bT)*100%

f frame efficiency
bOH number of overhead bits per frame
bT total number of bits per frame

CDMA

CDMA

Types Of SSMA
SPREAD
SPECTRUM
MULTIPLE
ACCESS

FREQUENCY
HOPPED
MULTIPLE
ACCESS

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CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE
ACCESS

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SSMA
Spread-spectrum multiple access transmission technique
wherein data occupy a larger bandwidth than necessary
There are two basic types of implementation methodologies:
Direct Sequence (DS)
Frequency Hoping (FH)
CDMA is a system based on Direct Sequence spreadspectrum technology.

Frequency Hopped Multiple Access

Allows multiple users to simultaneously occupy same

spectrum at the same time.

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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

A pseudorandom sequence is used to change the radio

signal frequency across a broad frequency band in a
random fashion
The modulation technique implies that the radio
transmitter frequency hops from channel to channel
The RF signal is dehopped at the receiver end using a
frequency synthesizer control by a pseudorandom
sequence generator

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

A frequency hopper may be

Fast hopping frequency spectrum
Slow hopping frequency spectrum

Multiple simultaneous hops from several users is possible

using FH as long as each uses different FH sequences and
do not collide.

Frequency Hopped Multiple Access

Difference between FDMA and FHMA is that, in FHMA, the

signal changes channels at rapid intervals
For Fast Frequency Hopping system
Rate of change of carrier frequency > Symbol rate
For Slow Frequency Hopping System
Rate of change of carrier frequency < Symbol rate

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Frequency Hopped Multiple Access

FEATURES
It employs energy efficient constant envelope modulation
It provides high level of security
It is immune to fading
Used for military operations, walkie talkies, bluetooth, etc.

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CDMA: Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum a transmission technique wherein data
occupy a larger bandwidth than necessary
Bandwidth spreading is accomplished before transmission
using a code that is independent of the transmitted data. The
same code is used to demodulate the data at receiving end
Originally designed for military used to avoid jamming

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)

Signal transmission consists of the following steps:

1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each

channel and each successive connection.
2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code
(the Information data is spread).
3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)

Signal reception consists of the following steps
1. The carrier is received and amplified.
2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to
recover the spread digital signal
3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the
anticipated signal
4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks
its own code to it.
5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code,
extracting the Information data.

CDMA: Spread Spectrum (cont.)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
The radio signal is multiplied by a pseudorandom sequence
whose bandwidth is much greater than the signal itself
spreading its bandwidth.
Pseudorandom sequence directly phase modulates a carrier
increase the bandwidth of transmission and lowering the spectral
power density.
The resulting RF signal has a noise like spectrum. Noise to others
but not to the intended receiver
The received signal is despread by correlating it with the local
identical pseudorandom sequence to spread the carrier at the
receiver.

CDMA: Attributes
Soft capacity Limit
Near Far Effect
Multipath Resistance
Soft Handoff
Self Jamming
High Channel Data Rates

Soft capacity Limit

Increasing the number of users in CDMA system raises the
noise floor in a linear manner
There is no absolute limit on the number users in CDMA
System performance gradually degrades for all users as the
number of users is increased and improves as the number of
users is decreased

Resistance to Multipath Fading

It is reduced because the signal is spread over a large
spectrum
If the spread spectrum bandwidth is greater than the
coherence bandwidth of the channel, the inherent frequency
diversity will mitigate the effects of small scale fading

Near Far Effect

Occurs when many mobile users share the same channel
Strongest received mobile signal will capture the demodulator
at base station
Stronger received signal levels raise the noise floor at the base
station demodulators for the weaker signals, thereby
decreasing the probability that weaker signals will be received
To combat the near-far problem, power control is used in most
CDMA implementations
Power control is provided by each BS and assures that each
mobile within the BS provides the same signal level to the BS
receiver

Self Jamming
Self jamming is a problem in CDMA
It arises from the fact that the spreading sequences of
different users are not exactly orthogonal
Hence in the despreading of a particular PN code, non-zero
contributions to the receiver for a desired user arise from the
transmissions of other users in the system

Soft Handoff
CDMA uses co-channel cells, it can use macroscopic spatial
diversity to provide a soft handoff
Soft handoff is performed by MSC, which can
simultaneously monitor a particular user from two or more
base stations.
The MSC may choose the best version of the signal at any
time without switching frequencies

Channel Data Rates

Channel data rates are very high in CDMA systems
The symbol (chip) duration is very short and usually much
less than a channel delay spread
Since PN sequences have low autocorrelation, multipath
which is delayed by more than a chip will appear as noise
A Rake receiver can be used to improve reception by
collecting time delayed versions of the required signal

Space Division Multiple Access

(SDMA)
SDMA controls the radiated energy for each user
and serves different users by using spot beam
antennas may be served by same or different
frequencies
Reverse links present difficulty
Different areas covered by antenna beam

Transmitted power from each subscriber must be

controlled to prevent any single user from driving up the
interference level
Transmit power is limited by battery consumption at the
subscriber unit

SDMA

(SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

Space Division Multiple Access

Controls radiated energy for each user in space
using spot beam antennas
base station tracks user when moving
cover areas with same frequency:
TDMA or CDMA systems
cover areas with same frequency:
FDMA systems

Space Division Multiple Access

primitive applications are
Sectorized antennas
in future adaptive antennas
simultaneously
steer energy in
the direction of many users at once