Distance Reductions

Objectives
After this lecture you will be able to:

Determine the spheroidal distance

between two points on Earths surface
from EDM measurements

Lecture Outline

Distances
Normal Sections
Curve of Alignment
Distance Reduction

Physical Corrections
Geometric Corrections

Conclusion

Geodetic Distances

Great Circle (sphere)

Small Circle
Two Plane Sections (also called
Normal Sections).
Curve of Alignment
Geodesic (spheroid)

Plane Sections (Normal Sections)

Instrument set at B Rotation

axis is normal BN
Vertical plane containing A =
ABN.
Instrument set at A Rotation
axis is normal AM
Vertical plane containing B =
BAM
Line A B Line B A

M
N

Curve of Alignment

Locus of all points where Bearing to A = bearing to B + 180 is called Curve

of Alignment.
Marked on ground - A surveyor sets up between A and B such that A and B
are in same vertical plane
Horizontal angles are angles between curves of alignment
But can assume normal sections because start off same
Spheroidal triangles are figures formed by 3 curves of alignment
joining the 3 points

Normal Section
A to B

Curve of Alignment

Normal Section
B to A

Heights and Distances

Measured Distance (d1)

Slope Distance (d2)

Mean Terrain Height

HA
Terrain

Level Terrain Distance

hM

B
hA

HB

Geoidal (Sea Level) Distance (S)

(S)

Geoid or
Sea
Level

NA

Ellipsoidal Distance (d4)

hB

NB

Ellipsoidal Chord Distance (d3)

Ellipsoid

October 1998

Understanding and Using Coordinates

Distance Reduction
Distance Reduction involves:

Physical Corrections
Geometric Corrections

Physical Corrections

1. Atmospheric correction
First velocity correction
Second velocity correction.

2. Zero correction (Prism constant).

3. Scale correction.
4. First arc-to-chord correction.

First Velocity Correction

Formula available - function of the displayed

distance, velocity of light and the refractive
index.
Correction charts normally available
to set an environmental correction (in ppm) or
to determine the first velocity correction to be added
manually

Some only require the input of atmospheric

readings and the calculations

Second Velocity Correction

Zero Correction
(Prism Constant)

Obtained from calibration results

Scale Correction

Obtained from calibration results

First Arc-to-Chord Correction (d1-d2)

For Microwaves
3
1

-d
Correction
2
384R
0.6 mm for d 30 km

First Arc-to-Chord Correction (d1-d2)

For Light
3
1

-d
Correction
2
1176R
0.02mm for d 10 km

Geometric Corrections

1. Slope correction
2. Correction for any eccentricity of
instruments
3. Sea Level correction (or AHD
correction)
4. Chord-to-arc correction (sometimes
called the second arc-to-chord) correction)
5. Sea Level to spheroid correction

Slope Correction
To calculate level terrain distance

l d - RL
2
2

Eccentrics

Try to avoid them!

If they cant be avoided - connect them
both vertically and horizontally
Include redundant observations

AHD (Sea Level) Correction

lR
s
R RLm
"

Where R R m

Chord-to-Arc Correction

d3 to d4 or S to S if correct radius is
3
used
d3
Cc a
2
Correction is
24 R
3

or

S"

24 R

Geoidal (Sea Level) Distance (S)

(S)
Ellipsoidal Distance (d4)
Ellipsoidal Chord Distance (d3)

Sea Level to Spheroid Correction

Where N is the average height

difference between spheroid and AHD
s is required spheroidal length
R is a non-critical value for earths
'
Rs
radius

R N
Geoidal (Sea Level) Distance (S)
(S)

NA

Ellipsoidal Distance (d4 or s)

Ellipsoidal Chord Distance (d3)

NB

SP1 Requirements

In Study Book

Conclusion
You can now:

Determine the spheroidal distance

between two points on Earths surface
from EDM measurements

Review Questions

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