Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(CFD)
U7AEA29
Dr. S. Senthil Kumar
Associate Professor
Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering
Vel Tech Dr. RR & Dr. SR Technical University
Avadi, Chennai
.
Outline
What
is CFD?
Why use CFD?
Where is CFD used?
Physics
Modeling
Numerics
CFD process
Resources
What is CFD?
use CFD?
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Wing-Body Interaction
Hypersonic Launch
Vehicle
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
External Aerodynamics
Interior Ventilation
Undercarriage
Aerodynamics
Engine Cooling 8
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Twin-screw extruder
modeling
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
Mean age of air contours indicate
location of fresh supply air
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
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Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
13
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
14
Aerospace
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Flow in a
burner
Power Generation
Sports
Flow pattern through a water
turbine.
Appliances
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC&R
Hydraulics
Marine
Oil & Gas
Power Generation
Sports
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Physics
CFD
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Physics
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid
Viscous
Laminar
Compressible
(air, acoustic)
Incompressible
(water)
Internal
(pipe,valve)
Turbulence
External
(airfoil, ship)
Navier-Stokes Equation
Claude-Louis Navier
D
2
v p v g
Dt
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Modeling
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ux u y uz 0
t x
y
z
Continuity
u x
u
u
u
p
u x x u y x u z x
xx yx zx g x
x
y
z
x x
y
z
t
x - Equation of motion
21
Numerics / Discretization
Computational
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Finite Differences
u
i, j
ui 1, j ui , j
2u
2
x
x
i, j
Finite difference
representation
3u
x 3
x 2
i, j
Truncation error
Methods of Solution
Direct methods
Cramers Rule, Gauss elimination
LU decomposition
Iterative methods
Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel
Method, SOR method
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Numeric Solution
(Finite Differences)
ui 1, j
jmax
j+1
j
j-1
u
ui , j
2u
x
2
i, j
x
x 3u
x 3
2
i, j
i, j
i-1 i i+1
imax
CFD process
Geometry
description
Specification of flow conditions and properties
Selection of models
Specification of initial and boundary conditions
Grid generation and transformation
Specification of numerical parameters
Flow solution
Post processing: Analysis, and visualization
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Geometry description
Typical
approaches
simplifications
CAD/CAE integration
Engineering drawings
Coordinates include Cartesian
system (x,y,z), cylindrical system (r,
, z), and spherical system(r, , )
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27
Filling
Nozzle
Bottle
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Discretization
Domain is discretized into a finite set of control volumes
or cells. The discretized domain is called the grid or the mesh.
General conservation (transport) equations for mass, momentum, energy,
etc., are discretized into algebraic equations.
All equations are solved to render flow field.
dV V dA dA S dV
t V
A
A
V
unsteady
convection
Eqn.
continuity
x-mom.
y-mom.
energy
diffusion
1
u
v
h
generation
control
volume
Fluid region of
pipe flow
discretized into
finite set of
control volumes
(mesh).
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hexahedron
pyramid
triangle
arbitrary polyhedron
prism or wedge
quadrilateral
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32
tet mesh
hex mesh
wedge mesh
Hybrid mesh for an
IC engine valve port
33
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35
steady/unsteady flow
Boundary
conditions
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37
time
history of
residuals
The closer the
flow field to the
converged
solution, the
smaller the speed
of the residuals
decreasing.
Post-processing
Vorticity
Wall shear stress
Calculation of integral parameters: forces, moments
Visualization (usually with commercial software)
Simple X-Y plots
Simple 2D contours
3D contour carpet plots
Vector plots and streamlines (streamlines are the lines
whose tangent direction is the same as the velocity vectors)
Animations (dozens of sample pictures in a series of time
were shown continuously)
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40
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Advantages of CFD
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Limitations of CFD
Physical models.
CFD solutions rely upon physical models of real world processes (e.g.
turbulence, compressibility, chemistry, multiphase flow, etc.).
The CFD solutions can only be as accurate as the physical models on
which they are based.
Numerical errors.
Solving equations on a computer invariably introduces numerical errors.
Round-off error: due to finite word size available on the computer.
Round-off errors will always exist (though they can be small in most
cases).
Truncation error: due to approximations in the numerical models.
Truncation errors will go to zero as the grid is refined. Mesh refinement is
one way to deal with truncation error.
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Boundary conditions.
As with physical models, the accuracy of the CFD solution
is only as good as the initial/boundary conditions provided
to the numerical model.
Example: flow in a duct with sudden expansion. If flow is
supplied to domain by a pipe, you should use a fullydeveloped profile for velocity rather than assume uniform
conditions.
Computational
Domain
Computational
Domain
Uniform Inlet
Profile
poor
better
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THANK YOU
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