Aristate antennae are

pouch-like with a lateral

bristle. (Diptera)
Capitate antennae are
abruptly clubbed at the
end (Lepidoptera)
Clavate anten nae are
gradually clubbed at the
end (Coleoptera)
Filiform antennae have a
thread-like shape.
(Coleoptera, Blattaria)
Geniculate antennae are
hinged or bent like an
elbow. (Hymenoptera)
Lamellate or clubbed
antennae end in nested
plates (Coleoptera)
Moniliform have a
beadlike shape (Isoptera)
Pectinate antennae have
a comb-like shape.
(Coleoptera)
Plumose antennae have a
feather-like shape.
(Lepidoptera, Diptera)
Serrate antennae have a
saw-toothed shape.
(Coleoptera)
Setaceous antennae have
a bristle-like shape
(Odonata)

Antennae
In most insects the antennae possesses a mechanosensory organ on
the pedicel (the second antennal segment) called 'Johnston's organ'
and, normally, only the basal antennal segment contains intrinsic
muscles. However in two orders (Diplura and Collembola) the antennae
lack a 'Johnston's organ' and all but the last segment contains
intrinsic muscles, thus allowing far greater controlled movement of
the antennae as is demonstrated by the rolling and unrolling of the
antennae observed in the Collembola Antennae -> Head
Mouthparts
1) The Labrum: upper lip normally a simply structure that is equivalent
to the insect's upper lip and is generally moveable, it articulates with
the clypeus by means of the 'clypeolabral suture'. moves
longitudinally
2) The Mandibles: have become residual as in the adults of some
Lepidoptera, or entirely absent as in the adults of the rest of the
Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera and the Diptera.
manipulation of materials, feeding, attack and defence
3) The maxillae:
4) The Labium: lower lip The glossae and paraglossae may be fused,
with one or the other considerably reduced, in which case the whole
thing is known as the 'ligula'.
5) The Hypopharynx or tongue:

LEG
Femur: contains the main muscles
used in running, jumping and digging
tibia: extra flexibility. Tarsus: consist
of between one and five segments
Between the claws may be found a
special pad known as an 'arolium' and
which acts using suction developed by
large numbers of minute tubular hairs
to help hold the insect to smooth
substrates.
pulvilli: offer greater purchase against
smooth objects 1.Tarsus
Ambulatory

Tibial spur

Pupal Type
A.Obtect
Chrysalis
B.Exarate
C.Coarctate Puparium

Stylets are needle-like projections used

to penetrate plant and animal tissue.
piercing-sucking mosquitoes, flies, fleas,
and lice
lack
stylets. Unable to pierce tissues, these
insects must rely on easily accessible
food sources such as nectar at the base
of a flower. Siphoning: each lower jaw
elongated. interlocked to form a long
slender tube through which exposed
liquids are sucked. The tube (tongue) is
coiled up like a spring when it is not used
Moths and butterflies
Sponging :lower lip is
elongated to form the outer covering of
the soft beak within which are two
slender structures that form a salivary
duct and food channel. The tip of the
lower lip is enlarged into a large sponging
organ that has a series of grooves
radiating from the center. When the
insect dip the end of its beak into
liquids, the fluid flows up these grooves
until it arrives at the food channel. The
food is then sucked up into the insect
house fly, the blowfly, and the fruit fly
Chewing-Lapping : The
upper lip and the upper jaws are the
same as they are in chewing mouthparts.
The lower jaws and lower lip are
elongated to form a tongue with which
the insect can suck or lap up liquids. have
a long proboscus, Some bees and wasps

The hard shell

Abdomen
Tergites: concave upper integumental plates
Sternites: convex lower integumental plates
In the Hymenoptera there is a constriction where the 1st and 2nd abdominal
segments meet, this is called the waste, and the remaining portion of the
abdomen is called the gaster.
Unlike other Arthropods the the insects possess no legs on the abdomen in the
adult form, though the 'Protura' do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the
first three abdominal segments
Many larval insects particularly the 'Lepidoptera' and the 'Symphyta'
(Sawflies) have appendages called 'pseudo' or prolegs on their posterior
abdominal segments allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they
walk around.
Muscle
The inside of an insect's exoskeleton has special contours and bits and bobs on
it which project inwards and allow for muscles to be attached and to help give
them leverage, these projections are called 'apodemes
The muscles of insects are generally light grey or translucent, unlike ours which
appear red. This is because insects lack both the blood system that we have and
the haemoglobin that makes our blood and hence our muscles red.
Circulatory System
Haemolymph (blood) of insects flows freely around the inside of their bodies.
Normally it is a watery green colour, though it is pigmented (coloured) in some
species. Exchange resource and waste. Waste products are later removed from
the haemolymph by the Malpighian tubules.
Trachaea: responsible for the transmission of oxygen

The "heart" of an insect, stated in simplest terms, is a flexible dorsal tube ,closed at the
posterior end and open at the anterior end, with small, valvelike openings or incurrent ostia
(sing., ostium) located along the sides of successive chambers. Blood enters the heart
through the ostia as the alary muscles dilate the heart chamber, but the ostia close when
circular muscles of the chamber contract, and their valvelike arrangement prevents the
blood from returning to the hemocoeles or posterior chambers. Because the contractions
start at the posterior chamber of the heart and pass forward, the blood is pushed
anteriorly, passing through the aorta, a constricted portion of the anterior part of the
heart. The blood is pumped from the aorta into a series of cavities or sinuses and veins
throughout the insect. The blood bathes the "brain," and from there it passes posteriorly
through the hemocoeles, bathing the internal organs and passing into the appendages and
wings. The circulation of the blood is aided by the contraction of a ventral diaphragm, and
often by accessory hearts at the bases of legs and wings. One function of the blood is to
carry digested food materials from the alimentary canal to all tissues of the body. In
contact with the alimentary canal, the blood picks up the products of digestion by osmosis.
While the blood is bathing the network of Malpighian tubules, waste products are removed.

rasping/sucking Insects use this type of

mouthpart to cut the epidermis of plants
with three needle-like organs, called
stylets, until the sap flows. They then
retract the stylets and suck up the sap.
The only insect known to have this type Reproductive
Some
species are capable of reproduction without males, the eggs are unfertilised but
of mouthpart
is thrips.
develop and hatch into nymphs or larvae that are always female themselves, this is called
'parthenogenesis'.
External
Female insect generally consist of an 'ovipositor' which is often encased in a pair of
filaments called a 'sheath' and is which is used to by the female to put her eggs where she wants.
Diptera have pseudovipositor.
male consist of a pair of 'claspers' which the male uses to hold onto the females
genitalia and an intromittant organ called the 'aedeagus' which is the means by which the male passes
the sperm onto the female.
Internal
Female: bursa copulatrix which is where the sperm is first received (in those insects
which have it) and a spermatheca which is where the sperm is stored. There are also various tubes down

2.pulvilli
3. Empodium
4.Arolium

Ambulatory legs are

used for walking. The structure is
similar to cursorial (running) legs.
(Hemiptera, Coleoptera)
Cursorial legs are
modified for running. Note the long,
thin leg segments. (Blattaria,
Coleoptera)
Fossorial fore legs
are modified for digging.
(Orthoptera,Hemiptera)
Raptorial fore legs
modified for grasping (catching prey)
(Mantodea, Hemiptera)
Natorial legs are
modified for swimming. These legs
have long setae on the tarsi.
(Coleoptera, Hemiptera)
Saltatorial hind legs
adapted for jumping. These legs are
characterized by anSocial
elongated femur
Common
site
1
and tibia nest
(Orthoptera)
Cooperative brood care
2
Reproductive castes
3
Generational overlap
4
Solitary Communal,Subsocial Quasisocial
1
12
Semisocial Eusocial: Isoptera,
Hymenoptera
1
123
1234
Larval Type
1.Eruciform
Caterpillar 2
2.Campodeiform Crawler
3.Scarabaeiform White grub
4.Elateriform
Wireworm
5.Vermiform
Maggot
3

Mouthparts
Mandibulate (chewing)
mouthparts are used for biting and
grinding solid foods. cockroaches,
termites, and beetles
Haustellate
mouthparts are primarily used for
sucking liquids and can be broken down
into two subgroups: those that possess
stylets and those that do not.

LEG
Skating leg Long legs with hydrophobic
tarsal hairs and anteapical claws for skating on the
surface of water. (Gerridae)
Perching legs: The spiny legs are
designed for perching or seizing and holding prey
captured. These legs are feeble for walking. (Odonata)
Clinging legs: Have a sharp claw on the
tip of each leg so that it may better cling to the hair of
its host. (Mallophaga)
Corbiculate legs: On the hind-leg there
are three interesting structures; the pollen basket
fringed with hairs, the heavy wax pincers, and the pollen
comb at the tip. (Hymenoptera)
which the ova travel on their way from the ovaries to the outside world, fertilisation occurs in the common oviduct

after the the egg has received its shell or the 'chorion'. To facilitate this the shell contains a very small opening at
one end called the micropyle which allows the sperm to enter. As well as tubes there are several important glands
some of which (spermathecal glands) allow the female to keep the sperm alive and viable for a long time, as much as 20
years in some social insects (Ants and Bees); and some of which (collaterial glands) secrete the substances which allow
the female to stick the eggs where she wants then to stay
male: the 'vas deferens' which is the tube down which the sperm travels, a 'seminal vesicle' which
is where the sperm is stored prior to mating, and accessory glands which supply seminal fluid for additional volume and
to nourish the sperm before and during their journey.

Mechanoreceptors: Detect movements, vibrations, or

other mechanical disturbances
Chemoreceptors: Detect the presence of chemical
substances in the air (smell) or on substrates (taste)
Photoreceptors: Detect the presence and quality of
incident light (electromagnetic radiation)

Digestion
pharynx: serves as a pump to suck up the liquefied
food of those insects which feed by means external digestion. crop
is simply a storage. In those insects which feed on solid foods it is
used to grind the food up into smaller particles, it can also serve as a
filter to keep oversized particles out of the main digestive tract and
as a valve controlling the flow of food into the midgut. proventriculus,
or gizzard occurs in insects that eat hard substances, and it appears
to have a grinding and straining function
enteric or gastric caeca; and digestive enzymes may
be produced in them, or they may represent additional digestive
surface.
The fore gut and the mid gut are separated by the
'stomodeal or cardiac valve'. The mid- and hind-intestines are
connected by the pyloric valve

The mid gut is lined by a semipermeable membrane

composed of protein and chitin, like the cuticle, which allows the passage of
liquids and dissolved substances to the midgut wall while preventing the passage
of solid food particles, it is continually worn away by the passage of food
through the gut and replaced by the epithelial cells of the mid gut wall

occurs

intestines: diffusion into the the insects body

rectum: compresses the undigested food and waste

products, extracts more water from this if necessary before it is
passed out through the 'anus' as faeces.
Malpighian tubules: act like our kidneys and extract
metabolic waste products (mostly nitrogenous ones such as urea, and
uric acid) from the circulating body fluid called the haemolymph and
excrete them into the intestines which is the first part of the hind
Wing
gut
Insect wings are soft and shapeless when the adults first emerge, but are
protozoa live inside as "enzyme" for termites
immediately inflated with blood pressure through the veins before they harden and darken as a
result of coming into contact with the air.
In Beetles the sclerotised forewings are called elytra, while the somewhat less
stiffened forewings of Grasshoppers and Crickets are called tegmen.
Function: mating, camouflage, control its internal temperature, fly
In most living insects (the Neoptera), there are three axillary sclerites that articulate with various
parts of the wing. In the Neoptera, a muscle on the third axillary causes it to pivot about the
posterior notal wing process and thereby to fold the wing over the back of the insect. (In some
groups of Neoptera, such as butterflies, the ability to fold the wings over the back has been lost.)
Two orders of winged insects, the Ephemeroptera and Odonata, have not evolved this wing-flexing
mechanism, and their axillary sclerites are arranged in a pattern different from that of the
Neoptera; these two orders (together with a number of extinct orders) form the Paleoptera
Halteres where the second or hind wings have become modified into a pair of clublike balancing, direction organs called. (Diptera)
Membranous wings are thin and more or less transparent, but some are darkened.
(Odonata, Neuroptera, Diptera, Isoptera, Hymenoptera) Note the paleopterous wing conditions of
the damselflies and dragonfly to the right and below and the neopterous wing conditions of the
other insects.
Elytra hardened, heavily sclerotized forewings of beetles and are modified to
protect the hind wings when at rest. (Coleoptera)
Hemelytra variation of the elytra, hardened throughout the proximal two-thirds,
while the distal portion is membranous. Unlike elytra, hemelytra function primarily as flight wings.
(Hemiptera)
Tegmina (singular tegmen): leathery forewings, help protect the delicate hind
wings. (Blattaria, Orthoptera, Mantodea)
Scales (Lepidoptera, Trichoptera)
Smell
Most insects communicate using smell or chemoreception. Detected using small sensory bodies
scattered over their body, though they tend to have a concentration of them on their antennae
Type of chemoreceptor:
Sensilla trichoidea, hair-like structures commonly found on the feet of flies and the
antennae of many insects (most common)
Sensilla basiconica and Sensilla styloconica: peg-like or cone-like and are thicker and
more solid than trichoid sensilla, these are commonly found on the antennae, though they also occur
on the maxillary palps of Lepidopteran larvae and the ovipositor of the Blowfly Phormia regina.
Sensilla coeloconica or pit-peg organs these are always situated in a pit as their
common name suggests, unlike the previous two which project above the insects cuticle. They are
common on a variety of insect antennae and and in Apis mellifera (the Honey Bee) they detect Carbon
Dioxide
Sensilla placodea these differ from the first three in that they consist of a flat
plate of cuticle, they occur on the antennae of various Aphids and Apis mellifera (the Honey Bee).

ect with wings...............................................................................................2

ect without wings........................................................................................27
ects with four wings (two pairs).....................................................................3
ects with only two wings (one pair)..............................................................25
ngs covered with scales............................Butterflies and MothsLepidoptera
ngs not covered with scales, though they may be hairy..................................4
e-wings partly or entirely horny or leathery and used as covers for
ngs often much narrower than hindwings............................................5
h pairs of wings entirley membranous (flexible) and used for flying...............12
uth-parts tube-like, adapted for piercing and sucking.. True BugsHemiptera
uth-parts adapted for biting and chewing.....................................................6
e-wings and hind-wings with veins, hind-wings stiffer and harder than
ving as covers for hind-wings..............................................................7
e-wings without veins, and modified into hard, horny cases for hind-wings...10
y dorsoventrally flattened....................CockroachesDictyoptera; Blattodea
y rounded or quadrate in section..................................................................8
elegs raptorial, adapted for grasping and holding..................Preying Mantids
.................................................................Dictyoptera; Mantodea
elegs not raptorial.........................................................................................9
thorax as large as or larger than meso and meta thorax, hind legs generally
d and adapted for jumping........Grasshoppers and CricketsOrthoptera
horax smaller than meso and meta thorax, legs normally similar in thickness,
legs enlarged then not used for jumping.............Stick-InsectsPhasmida
re-wings short.............................................................................................11
re-wings as long as, or nearly as long as abdomen the 2 wings may be joined
they meet along the animals back and hence never used for flying..Beetles
.......................................................................................Coleoptera
d of abdomen with characteristic pair of forceps like cerci...................Earwigs
.....................................................................................Dermaptera
d of abdomen with out characteristic forceps like cerci........................Beetles
...............................................................Coleoptera; Staphylinidae
ngs narrow and without veins, but fringed with long hairs. Very small insects,
5 mm in length ........................................................ThripsThysanoptera
ings more fully developed, and with veins present........................................13
nd-wings noticeably smaller than fore-wings.................................................14
nd-wings similar in size to or larger than fore-wings.......................................19
domen with two or three long 'tails'. Fore-wings with a large number of
eins, making a net-like pattern......................... MayfliesEphemeroptera
re-wings with fewer veins, not forming a net-like pattern,
without 'tails' .......................................................................................15
ngs obviously hairy. Mouth-parts very small, except forpalpi
.......................................................................CaddisfliesTrichoptera
ings not obviously hairy, though tiny hairs can be seen under the microscope.....16
uth-parts well developed and adapted for biting and chewing........................17
outh-parts tube-like, adapted for piercing and sucking.........Aphids; Cicadas etc
......................................................................Hemiptera; Homoptera
ry small insects, soft-bodied, mostly less than 6 mm. in length. tarsi with only
three segments....................................................................................18
ften much bigger, wasp-like or bee-like insects; or if very small, then
odied, with abdomen narrowed at its base into a petiole, or 'waist'. tarsi
ur or five segments.......... Bees, Wasps, Ants and SawfliesHymenoptera
tennae with 9 segments only...................................................... rareZoraptera
tennae with 12 to 50 segments..........................Bark
or Book
LicePsocoptera
Plant
damage

Chewing
Irregular holes in foliage or stems.
missing leaves
leaves with "windowpanes", i.e., showing
bared veins (caused by leaf skeletonizing
insects)
discolored areas on the surface or margins
of leaves or petals
severed stems, leaves or buds or wilting
of stems or canes (limb girdling)
wilting of plants (from root damage by
white grubs or other root feeders)
Beneficial insects can often keep pace
with pest populations. Aids in maintaining a
more natural balance in our ecosystem.
circular to semicircular holes in leaves
(e.g., leaf-cutting bees)
caterpillars use their chewing mouthparts
to consume several times their own weight
in plant tissue over the course of their
development. Much fibrous tissue passes
through the caterpillar gut undigested and
forms a major component of the large fecal
pellets caterpillars leave behind. These
pellets are a characteristic sign of
caterpillar damage.
Sucking/Piercing
Sucking/piercing insects produce varied
plant damage including:
Discoloration (yellow or brown), mottled
or necrotic (dead) spots on leaves or petals
Wilted appearance of plant or plant
parts
Curled, malformed leaves and petals
Many of insects pests that feed
through in this manner defecate a sticky
liquid (known as honeydew) that often
builds up on the upperside of leaves or
fruit, leaving a shiny residue that may
support the growth of a black or graysooty
mold.
Rasping/sucking
Affected tissue dies, turns brown and
tears easily, a situation especially
noticeable on the edges of pastel-colored
rose petals. Leaves that are attacked
become bleached and dry. Skin of damaged
fruit appears sanded and the underlying
tissues may be off-flavored, hard and/or
dry.

19a.Tarsi with three or four segments only ...............................................................20

19b. Tarsi with five segments....................................................................................23
20a. Tarsi with 3 segments only; first segment of anterior (front) legs greatly swollen
................................................................................WebspinnersEmbioptera
20b. Tarsi with 3 or 4 segments, if 3 then first segment of anterior legs not swollen....21
21a.Wings with few cross-veins, fore-wings differently shaped to hind-wings which
are greatly expanded posteriorly......................................StonefliesPlecoptera
21b.Wings with numerous cross veins, fore- and hind-wings usually very similar in
shape,though hind-wings occasionally enlarged posteriorly..............................22
22a. Small insects, generally much less than 1 inch. (25 mm.) in length with long
antennae, and with wings folded flat over body..................... TermitesIsoptera
22b. Generally longer than 1 inch., with very short antennae. Wings held away
from body when at rest.................................................... DragonfliesOdonata
23a.Mouth-parts prolonged into a beak. ............................ScorpionfliesMecoptera
23b. Mouth-parts short...........................................................................................24
24a. Most of the veins in forewings divide or fork just before they reach the wing edge,
hind-wings broader than fore-wings at least at base ...........Alderflies, Snakeflies
..................................................................................................Megaloptera
24b. Few or no veins in the forewings fork immediatley before the wing edge,
hind-wings similar to fore-wings....................................LacewingsNeuroptera
25a.Hind-wings absent or reduced knob-like organs (called halteres)......................26
25b. Forewings absent or reduced to knob-like organ.................StylopsStrepsiptera
26a. Hind-wings reduced or modified to knob-like organs (called halteres) Mouth-parts
of various forms ..... .............................................................True FliesDiptera
(Also males of Homoptera, family Coccidae, but these are very rare)
26b. Hind-wings entirely absent; no halteres. ..............Some MayfliesEphemeroptera
27a.Some segments with jointed legs, which can be used for movement..................28
27b. No jointed legs; or if these are present and visible, then they are enclosed
in membrane, and cannot move...................Larvae and Pupae of Endopterygota
...................................(You will need specialised keys to get these to order)
28a. Animals found living as parasites on warm-blooded animals, or found closely
associated with them i.e. in their nests or dens................................................29
28b. Animals not found living as parasites on warm-blooded animals: either freeliving,
or parasitic on other insects, snails etc............................................................34
29a. Body flattened from side to side, hard and bristly, with strong legs, jumping insects,
found on birds and mammals...............................................FleasSiphonaptera
29b. Insects not as above, body either rounded or flattened from above ..................30
.
30a. Mouth-parts adapted for biting and or chewing.................................................31
30b. Mouth-parts adapted for piercing and or sucking..............................................32
31a. Posterior end of the body with cerci. Found on bats and small rodents in tropical
environments only.............................................. Parasitic earwigsDermaptera
31b. Posterior end of body without cerci. On birds or mammals all over the world
................................................................................Chewing liceMallophaga
32a. Flattened, rather spider-like insects, with head fitting into a notch on thorax, and
with antennae not visible. Claws hooked.............Louseflies and BatfliesDiptera
32b. Not spider-like. Antennae clearly visible .........................................................33
33a. Snout (proboscis) short, unjointed. Body long and narrow. Tarsi of legs with one
large, hooked claw. Permanent parasites of birds and mammals......Sucking lice
........................................................................................................Anoplura
33b. Snout (proboscis) longer, jointed. Body more oval. tarsi with two small claws, not
hook-like. Only temporary parasites.........................Wingless bugsHemiptera
34a.Terrestrial: living on dry land, or on animals other than mammals and birds........35
34b. Aquatic: mostly nymphal forms of terrestrial insects..........................................60
35a. Mouth-parts not visible. Abdomen with appendages on some of the abdominal
segments, or with a forked 'spring' near tip....................................................36
35b. Mouth-parts clearly visible..............................................................................39
36a. Abdomen with six segments or fewer, usually with a forked appendage ('spring')
near tip. No long bristles at tip of abdomen................... SpringtailsCollembola
36b. Abdomen with nine or more segments. No spring, but several segments have
simple appendages.......................................................................................37

37a. Cerci present, sometimes appearing as clasping forceps..................................38

37b. No cerci................................................................................................Protura
38a. A central 'cerciform tergum' projects between the cerci giving the appearance
of 3 'tails' ......................................................3-Pronged BristletailsThysanura
38b. No central 'cerciform tergum', hence having the appearance of 2 'tails'.....
..........................................................................2-Pronged BristletailsDiplura
39a. Mouthparts mostly adapted for piercing or sucking..........................................40
39b. Mouth-parts not as above, adapted for biting and or chewing..........................44
40a. Body covered with scales and or dense hairs........ Wingless MothsLepidoptera
40b. Body bare, or with few scattered hairs ...........................................................41
41a. Almost all of thorax that is visible above is composed of the middle segment, the
mesothorax: prothorax and metathorax both small and hidden.............................
...............................................................................Wingless True fliesDiptera
41b. Mesothorax and metathorax about equally developed. Prothorax also
is usually visible from above...........................................................................42
42a. Snout (proboscis) small, cone-shaped. Body long and narrow. Claws usually
absent.............................................................................ThripsThysanoptera
42b. Snout (proboscis) longer, jointed. Body more or less oval. Claws present.........43
43a. Proboscis arising from front part of head. Abdomen without cornicles near tip
...............................................................................Wingless BugsHemiptera
43b. Proboscis arising from hind part of head. Abdomen often with two cornicles
at or near its tip .............................................AphidsHemiptera; Homoptera
44a.Abdomenwith false or pro-legs, which are fleshy, and different from the
jointed legs of the thorax. Caterpillar-like......................................................45
44b. Abdomen without any kind of legs, only thorax has legs...................................47
45a. Five pairs of prolegs, or fewer, with minute hooks (crochets); none on the1st or
2nd abdominal segments...........................................CaterpillarsLepidoptera
45b. Six to ten pairs of prolegs, always with one pair on the 2nd abdominal segment.
No crochets present...............................................................................................46
46a. Head with a single ocellus (small eye) on each side.............. Larvae of Sawflies
................................................................................Hymenoptera;Symphyta
46b. Head with several ocelli on each side................. Larvae of Scorpionflies
.....................................................................................................Mecoptera
47a. Antennae short and indistinct. Larvae..............................................................48
47b. Antennae long and distinct. Adult insects.........................................................50
48a. Body Caterpillar-like.......................................................................................49
48b. Body not caterpillar-like........................... Larvae of some endopterygote insects
..............................................................................NeuropteraorColeoptera
49a. Head with six ocelli on each side of headsome ..............CaterpillarsLepidoptera
49b. Head with more than six ocelli on each side..............Larvae of someMecoptera
50a. Abdomen with a pair of movable forceps like cerci at tip...................Earwigs
.....................................................................................................Dermaptera
50b. Abdomen without such forceps........................................................................51
51a. Abdomen strongly constricted at base into a 'waist'. Sometimes antennae are
bent into an elbow...............................Ants and wingless WaspsHymenoptera
51b. Abdomen not constricted into a waist...............................................................52
52a. Head prolonged underneath body into a long beak, which bears mandibles at its
tip.... ..........................................................................ScorpionfliesMecoptera
52b. Head not prolonged into a beak........................................................................53
53a. Tiny soft insects ................................................................................................54
53b. Fairly small, to very big, usually hard-bodied insect............................................55
54a. Cerci absent................................................... Booklice and BarklicePsocoptera
55a.Cerci
Hind-legs
enlarged for jumping..................................... Grasshoppers/Crickets
54b.
present.......................................................................................Zoraptera
.......................................................................................Saltatoria;Orthoptera
55b. Hind-legs not enlarged for jumping ...................................................................56
56a. Tarsi of legs with four segments. Pale, soft-bodied insects living in wood or soil.
..............................................................................................TermitesIsoptera
56b. Tarsi of legs with five segments. More highly coloured insects............................57
57a.Body dorsoventrally flattened.....................Cockroaches Dictyoptera;Blattodae
57b. Body not dorsoventrally flattened rounded or squarish in section........................58
Cerci long, containing 8 segments, eyes reduced or absent ................Grylloblattodae
Cerci not as above, eyes well developed...................................................................59
59a. Fore-legs modified for grasping and holding, predatory....Dictyoptera;Mantodae
59b. Fore-legs not so modified................................................Stick InsectsPhasmida
60a.Mouth-parts adapted for piercing and sucking. ................Nymphs of Water-bugs
.....................................................Hemipteraand larvae of someNeuroptera
60b. Mouth-parts adapted for licking and chewing.....................................................61
61a. Body enclosed in a case made of pebbles, sand and debris....Larvae of Caddisflies
......................................................................................................Trichoptera
61b. Body not enclosed in such a case......................................................................62
62a. Abdomen with external gills...............................................................................63
62b. Abdomen without external gills..........................................................................64
63a. With two or three long processes at tip of abdomen, traces of wing-cases may be
visible in later instars............................... nymphs of MayfliesEphemeroptera
63b. Only one process at tip of abdomen, and no wing-cases visible.............Alderflies
................................................................................Megaloptera; Sialioidea
64a. Head with a 'mask', bearing the jaws which is capable of being extended far
forwards of the insect's body..........................Nymphs of DragonfliesOdonata
64b. Head without such a mask..............................................................................65
65a. With long antennae; and long filaments at tip of abdomen.....Larvae of Stoneflies
.......................................................................................................Plecoptera
65b. Without such filaments...........................................Larvae of BeetlesColeoptera

Also, the 4th abdominal

segment bears the fuculum,
another structure unique to
the order. It consists of a
broad base, the manubrium,
which bears paired finger-like
dens; the apices of the dens
often bear claw-like mucrones.
The furculum bears opposing
internal muscles. When
engaged, the furculum is
folded under the abdomen and
is clasped by another unique
collembolan structure the
retinaculum on the venter of
the 3rd abdominal segment

Ametabolous:
Collophore:
Furcula:
Tagma:
Tenaculum:

Without Metamorphosis
a ventral tube on the 1st abdominal segment bearing a pair of eversible vesicles, which may function in osmoregulation, adhesion, or water absorption.
organ found on springtails that makes a it jump.
the word that group head, thorax, abdomen together
clasplike structure that held furcula for Collembola