Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Seminar on
LV Power Concepts and Devices
Presenter
Time
LV Earthing Systems
Asrar Mufti
6.15 to 6.50 pm
Shanker Shetty
6.50 to 7.30 pm
7.30 to 7.50 pm
Irfan Mufti
8.00 to 9.00 pm
Ibrahim Saleh
9.00 to 9.30 pm
Wiring Devices
Dinner
10.00 pm
LV Earthing Systems.
as per IEC 60364 Installation Standard.
Fire protection
Lightning 1 %
Explosion 1 %
Cigarettes 6 %
Other 7 %
Electricity 41 %
E92446
Accidents 7 %
Fire protection
Main cause
Ageing of the installation results in:
less effective insulation
the risk of very small leakage currents
Presence of humidity
Leakage
currents
Small
discharges
E92462
E92461
Carbonisation
of insulation
(dust)
Basic principle
Zone 1 : perception
Zone 2 : unpleasant sensation
T(ms)
10 000
5000
fibrillation.(irreversible)
c1 c2 c3
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
0,1 0,2
1
0,5 mA
5 10
30 mA
100
Protection
of people
E92450
mA
1A
Cardiac arrest
75 mA
Irreversible cardiac
fibrillation
30 mA
Breathing arrest
10mA
Muscular contraction
0.5 mA
Tingling
Basic principle
5
5
5
5
5
1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
25
50
75
90
110
150
230
280
5
0.48
0.30
0.25
0.18
0.12
0.05
0.02
5
5
2
0.80
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
Basic principle
Protection of people, direct contact
Definition
Contact of persons or livestock with
live parts which may result in electric
shock
10
Types of protection
Basic principle
Insulation
Distance
IP2X or IPXXB
TBT < 25 V
30 mA
11
Protection
of people
Indirect contact
E92454
12
Basic principle
Protection of people according to IEC 364
13
1st letter
Situation of supply
T = Direct connection of
Transformer Neutral with the earth
I = Neutral unearthed or
Impedance-earthed
T
T
I
T
N
T
2nd letter
Situation of installation frames
T = Exposed frames directly earthed
N = Frames connected to the supply
point which is earthed,
either by a separate Protective Earth
conductor (S).
Or combined with the Neutral (C)
14
Definition
The neutral point of the LV
transformer is directly
connected to an earth
electrode
L1
L2
L3
N
Rn
16
Definition
The neutral point of the LV
transformer is directly
connected to an earth
electrode
The exposed conductive
parts of the installation are
connected to an electrically
separate earth electrode
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
Ru
17
System earthing
arrangements
Earth electrode
"Deep" earth
the earth does not act as an insulator
"Deep" earth
15
10
10
E92453
E92452
"Deep" earth
18
Earth electrode
System earthing
arrangements
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = IPE
Well designed network
IPE = 0
IPE = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = 0
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
19
Earth electrode
System earthing
arrangements
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
IPE 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN 0
IPE 0
E94409
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
20
TT system
System earthing
arrangements
Earth-fault study
Value of fault current:
Uo = 230 V
L1
L2
L3
N
Id = Uo / (Rn + Ru)
= 230 / (10 + 10)
= 11.5 A
400 V/230 V
Ud = Ru x If
= 10 x 11.5
Exposed
conductive
part
Id = 11,5 A
Ud =
115 V
Load
E95420
Rn
10
= 115 V > UL = 50 V
The fault current generates
a dangerous touch voltage
The SCPD is usually not suitable
for eliminating this type of fault
Ru
10
21
TT system
System earthing
arrangements
Earth-fault study
Uo = 230 V
400/230 V
SCPD
25 A
Load
E95421
Ru
10
L1
L2
L3
N
In = 5A
Exposed
conductive
part
Rn
10
Solution
The SCPD is usually not
suitable for this type of fault
(ST setting at 25 A)
A residual current device
specially designed for the
protection of persons
Tripping conditions:
Max touch voltage < Safety curve
Ru x In < UL
(In is the setting of RCD)
In = UL / Ru
= 50 /10
=5A
22
Earth-leakage protection
RCD technologies
electromechanical
no auxiliary power required
electronic
integrated in SCPD
(no auxiliary power required)
separate from the SCPD
auxiliary supply required
RCDs are immune
to nuisance tripping
to DC currents
(class A as defined by IEC 755)
24
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD
electromechanical
own current
E37522
25
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD
electromechanical
own current
electronic
integrated in the voltageoperated short-circuit protection
device
E37522
26
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD technologies
electromechanical
own current
electronic
integrated in the voltageoperated short-circuit protection
device
separate from the short-circuit
protection device
auxiliary supply
E37522
27
Operating principle
Tripping
No aux. power
required
Detectio
n
Earth-leakage
relay
E37508
Tripping
Measurement
28
System earthing
arrangements
35
TN system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition
E95416
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
37
TN-S system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
E95417
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
38
TN-C system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
E95423
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Rn
39
System earthing
arrangements
TN-C-S system
Definition (cont.)
In this TN sub-system:
L1
L2
L3
PEN
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
(with PEN)
the downstream part is TN-S
(with PE and N)
E95424
Rn
40
System earthing
arrangements
TN system
Earth-fault study
Uo = 230 V
400 V/230 V
Id
Uc
E95425
Fault
Exposed
conductive
part
Rn
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
41
System earthing
arrangements
TN system
400 V/230 V
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
where m=Sph/Spe
L=Length of the Cond.
Lmax = 0.8Uo. SPH
.(1 + m).Ia
Id
Exposed
conductive
part
Uc
E95425
Fault
Increase Spe.
Install an RCD.
Rn
42
TN system
System earthing
arrangements
Implementation (cont.)
TN-C
Uo = 230 V
400 V/230 V
Exposed
conductive
part
E95427
Load
L1
L2
L3
PE N
44
E95442
t < 0.4 s
Id
E95449
< 30 ms
Im
Id
46
Circuit breaker
low setting of magnetic relay/ST
or
installation of a standard RCD
or
increase the conductor cross-section
48
Main features
TN-S system
E37542
Protection of persons:
fault current is dangerous
fault current is usually high enough to trip the SCPDs
tripping must be practically instantaneous
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
if the fault current is not high enough, RCDs may be used to ensure
protection
Fire protection:
fault current is high
it must be managed by additional RCDs
Continuity of service:
ensured by discrimination between the short-circuit protection devices
and among RCDs
Division - Name - Date - Language
53
Main features
TN-C
E37544
Protection of persons:
fault current is dangerous
fault current is usually high enough to be tripped by the SCPDs
tripping must be practically instantaneous = same as TN-S
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
if the fault current is not high enough, the installation must be resized
Fire protection:
cannot be provided (TN-C not allowed where there is a risk of fire)
Continuity of service:
ensured by discrimination between the SCPDs = same as TN-S
54
IT system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition
E95429
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
56
IT system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
PE
E95430
PE
57
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Earth-fault study
L1
L2
L3
E95431
PE
58
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Earth-fault study (cont.)
System leakage impedance
L1
L2
L3
PE
dangerous
There is no risk of fire
E95432
59
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Signalling the first fault
Detection principle:
emission of a specific zero
sequence signal
E95433
L1
L2
L3
PE
60
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Signalling the first fault (cont.)
Fault-clearance principle:
detection by toroid
and indication of the faulty
outgoer
E95434
L1
L2
L3
PE
Detection principle:
emission of a specific zero
sequence signal
61
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
I inj
I inj
RI
I inj
Principle
injection of current
tracking generator
measurement of IR
IMD:(Insulation Monitoring
Device)
DC current: direct measurement
of IR
AC current: calculation of IR
e
I inj
E95435
62
E95436
PE
63
FTD (**)
64
Id2
E95437
66
69
Fire protection
I E C 6 0 3 6 4
E94550
72
73
System earthing
arrangements
E37521
RCDs)
Mixing of system earthing arrangements is the means to provide
optimum solutions to the needs of operators
74