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Bending Light
Prism A triangular piece of glass, plastic, etc with
an Apex & a Base
Light is bent (refracted) toward the base of the
prism
Apex
Apex
Apex
Base
Base
Base
Refractive Lenses
Refractive lenses are combinations of different
shaped prisms
Convex Lens
Convergent
Concave Lens
BAGIAN MATA FK UKI
Divergent
Optics Terminology
Parallel Light Rays Assumed to be parallel if they
emanate from a distance source
Biconvex
Plano-Convex
Convex-Meniscus
Plano-Concave
Concave-Meniscus
Divergent
Lenses
Biconcave
Focal Length
The distance from the center of the lens at which
light rays Converge
The power of the lens is measured in Diopters (D)
Higher power lens move the focal point closer to
the lens
Paraxial Rays
Axial Ray
No Refraction
Focal
Point
4.0 D Lens = 0.025 meter
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Superior
Tarsal Lid
Semilunar
Fold
Lateral
Canthus
Caruncle
Medial
Canthus
Sclera
(Conjunctiva)
Limbus
Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Zonular
Fibers
Superior
Fornix
Macula
(Fovea)
Cornea
Vitreous
Face
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Limbus
Optic
Nerve
Vitreous
Body
Inferior
Fornix
Anterior
Chamber
Ocular
Muscles
Posterior
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Chamber
Sensory
Retinal
Layer
Corneal Morphology
Corneal Diameter
11 - 13 mm
Central Corneal
Diameter
5 - 7 mm
{500 - 550
0
70
00
9
-
Intraocular
Pressure
13-19 mm Hg
Corneal Curvature
Average Cornea
44.00 Diopters
Steep Cornea
47.00 Diopters
Flap Cornea
40.00 Diopters
Index of Refraction
As light travels through glass, water or tissue, it slows
down
Light is bent as it strikes a material at an oblique
angle
A higher Index yields greater refraction
Substance
Index of
Refraction
Air
Water
Aqueous
Cornea
Lens Cortex
Lens Nucleus
PMMA Plastic
Crown Glass
Flint Glass
Emmetropia
Distance Vision
Emmetropia
Near Vision
Divergent (near images)
light rays focus behind
the retina
The lens changes shape
(more convex) to focus
near images on the
retina (accommodation)
Presbyopia
Decreasing Accommodation
Myopia
Nearsightedness
Correcting Myopia
Contact Lenses or Glasses
Correcting Myopia
Laser Refractive Surgery
Myopia
Near Vision
Nearsighted people,
without their glasses, can
often focus near objects
on the retina with little or
no accommodation
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Hyperopia
Farsightedness
Hyperopia
Latent or Manifest Hyperopes
Correcting Hyperopia
Absolute Hyperopes
Correcting Hyperopia
Laser Vision Correction
Hyperopia
Near Vision
Astigmatism
F2
Astigmatism
With-The-Rule
Astigmatism
Against-The-Rule
Astigmatism
45 D
42 D
45 D
42 D 180
180
Types of Astigmatism
Simple Myopic
Simple Hyperopic
1 2
1 2
Mixed
1 2
Types of Astigmatism
Compound Myopic
Compound Hyperopic
1 2
1 2
Astigmatisma:
Anisometropia:
Aniseikonia:
Unilateral aphakia:
Akomodasi :
Epidemiologi
Bayi
Miopia:
5-7 thn 3%; 8-10 thn 8%; 11-12 thn 14%; 12-17 thn 25%
Etnis cina miopia >>
Juvenil onset (7-16 thn) 0,5 dpt/thn 75% stabil 15-16
thn
Adult onset (20 thn) extensive near work
Genetik - lingkungan
Edukasi tinggi prevalens miopia >>
Hiperopia: lower educational, 20% umur 40 an; 60%
umur 60an
Prevensi: tdk ada rekomendasi pasti
Refraksi klinis
Refraksi objektif: retinoskop
Refraksi subjektif
sferis
Astigmat dial tehnik - Cross cylinder tehnik
Strongest plus - weakest minus maximum
visual acuity
Balans binokular
Sikloplegik - non
Overrefraksi
Kacamata anak:
Sikloplegik refraksi
Koreksi penuh termasuk silinder
Orang tua informasi progresivitas alami
Hiperopia: rendah (-), silinder koreksi; esotropia
koreksi penuh + sikloplegik
Anisometropia: koreksi penuh; ambliopia th/ oklusi
Problem akkomodasi
Presbyopia: respons akomodasi
elastisitas lensa << mulai umur 40 thn
Insufisiensi akomodasi asthenopik
Ekses akomodasi: spasmus siliaris sakit
kepala, sakit alis mata, kabur terutama dekat
Lensa multifokal:
Penentuan kuat lensa tambahan:
Refraksi akurat
Amplitudo akomodasi
Pekerjaan (membaca, menjahit, komputer)
Kontak lensa
Beda dari kacamata:
soft KL, RGP KL, toric soft KL, bifokal KL, keratokonus / kornea
abnormal KL, gas permeable scleral KL
Therapeutic lens:
Pemeriksaan pasien KL
Palpebra, pergerakan palpebra, kedipan, film airmata,
neovaskularisasi kornea, allergi
Seleksi: soft-hard soft: adaptasi cepat, kenyamanan
>>
Problem: