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Physical
properties of
dental materials
presented by
H.Mani Bernard
1st year P.G
Definition
Physical properties are based on the laws of mechanics,
acoustics ,optics, thermodynamics, electricity , atomic
structure or nuclear phenomena.
(ANUSAVICE)
CONTENTS
MAJOR FACTOR :
Hardness of the material
OTHER FACTORS :
Biting forces
Frequency of chewing
Abrasiveness of the diet
Surface impurities
Roughness
Surface irregularities
DENTAL BURS
ABRASIVE DISCS
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF
AN ABRASIVE :
Clinical implication
Ceramics are more abrasive to tooth enamel in the
presence of high biting forces and rough ceramic
surface.
MANAGEMENT:
Broader contact areas polished surfaces
RHEOLOGY
Rheology is the study of flow characteristics of materials.
For liquids, flow is measured by the viscosity, where as for
solids one considers creep and viscoelasticity.
VISCOSITY
Thixotrophic
Pseudoplastic
Newtonian
Dilatant
VISCOELASTISITY:
Describes materials that exhibit characteristics of both a viscous liquid and an
elastic solid.
Viscoelastic materials, like alginate, show little permanent deformation when
loaded quickly but exhibit a great deal of permanent deformation if loaded
slowly.
Amount of permanent deformation of elastomeric impression material
minimised by
Removing the impression after material adequately gelled
Negligible pressure to tray during polymerization
Removal of impression along path of loading of tray
Avoid undercuts during tooth preparation
STRESS RELAXATION
Solid - state diffusion process driven by a thermal energy ,atoms can
move back slowly to their equilibrium positions.
As a result material wraps or distorts due to trapped internal stresses.
CLINICAL APPLICATION:
Non crystalline materials like waxes, resins and gels, when
manipulated and cooled, can then under go relaxation at an elevated
temperature.
The term flow has been generally used in dentistry to describe the
rheology of amorphous materials such as waxes. The flow of wax is a
measure of its potential to deform under a small static load.
COLOUR
optical properties
LIGHT
MOST SENSITIVE-55Onm[green-yellow]
Direct light
Properties of color
OPACITY AND TRANSLUCENCY
As light strikes a surface it is either totally reflected (opaque), totally
transmitted (transparent) or a combination of both (translucent).
Dimensions of color
Hue
HUE-dominant color of an object.
EXAMPLES-red,green,blue.
Hue represents the dominant wavelengths
present in the spectral distribution.
value
On a scale of
black to white,
white has" high
value", black has
"low value" and
midway between
the black and
white is medium
grey
chroma
Clinical implication
Shade selection
Three factors-considered
Bezold-brucke effect
Metamerism
flourescence
Bezold-brucke effect
METAMERISM
Spectral
METAMERISM
FLUORESCENCE
Natural teeth absorbs light at wavelengths
Too short to be visible to the human eye in the
range of 300 to 400 nm referred to as nearultraviolet radiation
SOURCE OF LIGHT
Dental operatory-common sources of light
used are:
1.day light
2.incandascent lamps
3.florescent lamps
Color matching should be done under 2 or
more different light sources,one of which
should be day light.
Shade Guides
Because an important factor in restorations is the
shade determination, it is imperative that guides are
available to assist in the correct shade matching.
VITA Lumin Vacuum Shade Guide contains porcelains
that are pre-fired set out in the colour tones that the
company has available. They are arranged on porcelain
pins that can be removed individually for maximum
shade matching. The main tones groups are rosebrown, rose-white, greytone, and rose-grey.
VITA VMK Individualised Shade Guide is a kit for the
reproduction of intermediate and individual shades, and
therefore demonstrates the offering of a multitude of
possibilities of shade determination of the companies
metal ceramics. This is the main communication
method of shade determination between dentist and
technician. The porcelains are layered onto a ceramic
cap which corresponds in colour to the oxidised metal.
These are also excellent for practice.
VITAPAN 3D-MASTER divides the tooth color space into 5 levels of value.
In the medium (M) hue there are three levels of color samples for the
chroma. Deviations towards the more yellowish hues (L) or more
reddish hues (R) exist in 2 chromas.
Chroma
In the second step the chroma or color saturation
is determined.
Hue
In the third step the hue is verified.
Basic design
All color-measuring devices consist of a detector, signal
conditioner, and software that process the signal in a manner
that makes the data usable in the dental operatory or laboratory.
Because of the complex relationship between these elements,
accurate colorimetric analysis is difficult at best.
SPECTROSHADE
Patended windows
based system
SHADE SCAN
THERMAL PROPERTIES
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
materials
Thermal
conductivity[W.m .k]
1.enamel
0.87
2.dentin
0.59
3.silver
385
4.copper
370
5.water
0.55
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
It is a measure of the rate at which a body
with a non uniform temperature reaches a
state of thermal equilibrium.
The mathematical formula that relates thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity is
h=(k/Cp X P)
K-thermal conductivity, Cp-temperature
dependent specific heat capacity,Ptemperature dependent density.
SI Unit:mms
1.enamel
0.47
2.dentin
0.18
3.amalgam
9.6
4.composite
0.68
5.porcelain
0.64
6.Acrylic resin
0.13
SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat of both enamel and dentin has been found
to be higher than that of metals used for fillings .
The
Materials
Inlay waxes
Coefficient x 10-6 / oC
350 450
210
Polysulfide
materials
140
impression
Acrylic resin
76.0
Mercury
60.6
Composite resins
Anterior
17 50
Posterior
14 40
35
22.1 28.0
Gold
14.4
Porcelain
12.0
CLINICAL IMPLICATION
PERCOLATION
i.e ingress and egress of fluids between the tooth and the
restoration.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
CORROSION
GALVANISM
SOLUBILITY
ABSORPTION
SHELF LIFE
conclusion
REFERENCES
THANK YOU