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Figure 6-1b
(A6.1)
3
or
pDL
P
2
(A6.2)
A
2 Lt
2t
or
pr
t
t
(A6.3)
(A6.4)
Figure 6-1c
D2 p
P
4
(A6.5)
6
A
4Dt
4t
7
Figure 6-1.
A complete description of
the general state of stress
at a point consists of:
normal stresses in three
directions, x (or 11),
y (or 22) and z (or
33),
shear stresses on three
planes, x (or 12 ...), y
(or 23 ..), and z (or
31 ...).
10
x
x
E
(6.7)
y z x
x
E
(6.8)
11
Properties of
Absolute values of are used in calculations.
The value of is about:
0.25 for a perfectly isotropic elastic materials.
0.33 for most metals.
12
x
x causes:
in the x-direction
E
y
y causes:
in the x-direction
E
z
E
z causes:
in the x-direction
Applying the principle
of superposition (x-axis):
1
x ( y z )
E
(6.9a)
13
x
y
z
x
x
E
v y
x
E
v z
x
E
v x
y
E
y
y
E
v z
y
E
v x
z
E
v y
z
E
z
z
E
14
1
x x v y z
E
1
y y v z x
E
(6.9)
1
z z v x y
E
15
xy G xy
yz G yz
(6.10)
xz G xz
The proportionality constant G is the modulus of elasticity in
shear, or the modulus of rigidity. Values of G are usually
determined from a torsion test. See Table 6-2.
16
_______________________________________________________
Aluminum alloys
10.5(72.4)
4.0(27.5)
0.31
Copper
16.0(110)
6.0(41.4)
0.33
Steel(plain carbon
and low-alloy)
29.0(200)
11.0(75.8)
0.33
Stainless Steel
28.0(193)
9.5(65.6)
0.28
Titanium
17.0(117)
6.5(44.8)
0.31
Tungsten
58.0(400)
22.8(157)
0.27
17
1 x 1 x 1 x dx dy dz dx dy dz
dx dy dz
1 x 1 x 1 x 1
(5.24b)
18
m p 1
K
(6.11)
1 2v
x y z
x y z
E
19
1 2v
3 m
E
or
m
E
K
31 2v
(6.12)
E
G
21 v
(6.13)
20
*(6.14)
ij
ij kk ij
E
E
Example, if i = j = x,
1
xx
xx xx yy zz 1
E
E
xx
1
xx yy zz
E
21
If i = x and j = y,
xy
xy kk 0
E
E
; xy
E
2G
2
Therefore,
xy
1
xy
G
22
Special Cases
Plane Stress (3 = 0): This exists typically in:
a thin sheet loaded in the plane of the sheet, or
a thin wall tube loaded by internal pressure where there
is no stress normal to a free surface.
Recall Eqs. 6-9, and set z = 3 = 0.
Therefore,
1
1 1 2
E
1
2 2 3
E
1
3 1 2
E
(6.15a)
(6.15b)
(6.15c)
23
Therefore,
(6.16)
1 2
1 2
1
E
E
2
1
2 1
1
Then,
Similarly ,
E
1
2 2
1
(6.17)
24
1
3 3 1 2 0
E
(6.18)
3 1 2
(6.19)
but
This shows that a stress exists along direction-3 (z-axis)
even though the strain is zero.
25
1
1
1 2 1 1 2
E
1
2
1 2 2 1 1
E
3 0
26
Example 1
A steel specimen is subjected to elastic stresses
represented by the matrix
ij
3
1
3
4
5
5 MPa
1
27
Solution
Invoke Hookes Law, Eqs. 6-9 and 6-10. Use the values of E,
G and for steel in Table 6-2
x
x y z
E
1
y
y x z
E
1
z
z x y
E
xy G xy
yz G yz
xz G xz
Example 2
A sample of material subjected to a compressive stress z is
confined so that it cannot deform in the y-dir., but
deformation is permitted in the x-dir. Assume that the
material is isotropic and exhibits linear-elastic behavior.
Determine the following in terms of z and the elastic
constant of the material:
(a) The stress that develops in the y-dir.
(b) The strain in the z-dir.
(c) The strain in the x-dir.
(d) The stiffness E = z / z in the z-dir. Is this apparent
modulus equal to the elastic modulus E from the uniaxial test
on the material? Why or why not?
29
30
Solution
Invoke Hookes Law, Eq. 6-9
The situation posed requires that - y = 0, x = 0.
We also treat z as a known quantity.
(a) The stress in the y-direction is obtained as:
1
y 0 y 0 z
E
y z
31
z 0 z
E
1 2
z
E
1
0 z z
x
E
1
x
z
E
32
z
E
E
1.10 E
2
z
1
( for a typical value of 0.3)
'
Example 3
Consider a plate under uniaxial tension that is
prevented from contracting in the transverse direction.
Find the effective modulus along the loading
direction under this condition of plane strain.
34
Solution
= Poissons ratio
E = Youngs Modulus,
Loading
Direction 1
Transverse
Direction 2
No stress normal to the free surface,
3 = 0
Although the applied stress is uniaxial, the constraint on
contraction in direction 2 results in a stress in direction 2.
Let,
2 0
2 1
2 1
35
1
1
1 1 2
1 2 1
E
E
1
1
1 2
E
E 1
1
'
1 2
Example (4)
A cylinder pressure vessel 10 m long has closed ends, a wall
thickness of 5 mm, and a diameter at mid-thickness of 3 mm.
If the vessel is filled with air to a pressure of 2 MPa, how much
do the length, diameter, and wall thickness change, and in each
case state whether the change is an increase or a decrease. The
vessel is made of a steel having elastic modulus E = 200,000
MPa and the Poissons ratio = 0.3. Neglect any effects
associated with the details of how the ends are attached.
37
38
pr (2 MPa)(1500mm)
x
300 MPa
2t
2(5mm)
pr (2 MPa)(1500mm)
y
600 MPa
t
5mm
The value of z varies from -p on the inside wall to zero on the
outside, and for a thinwalled tube is everywhere sufficiently small
that z 0 can be used. Substitute these stresses, and the known
E and v into Hookes Law, Eqs.6-9 and 6-10, which gives
39
x 6.00 *10
y 2.55 *103
z 1.35 *103
L
x
L
(d ) d
y
d
d
t
z
t
Substituting the strains from above and the known dimensions gives
L 6mm
d 7.65mm
t 6.75 *103
Thus, there are small increases in length and diameter, and a tiny
decrease in the wall thickness.
40