2 gamet yang berbeda:

Sel Sperma : Berukuran Kecil

Motil
Sel Telur : Berukuran Lebih besar

Perbedaan Spermatogenesis dan

Oogenesis
Hanya dalam spermatogenislah
keempat produk miosis berkembang
menjadi gamet matang.
Spermatogenesis terjadi disepanjang
masa
Spermatogenesis menghasilkan
sperma matang dari sel-sel prekursor
dg urut-urutan yang tidak terputus,
sementara oogenesis memiliki waktu
sela yang lama.

FERTILIZATION

 What is fertilization ??
The union or fusion of oocyte or egg
(female gamete) with the sperm (male
gamete) to form a zygote.
Fertilization is a process, not a single
even, that begins when a sperm cell first
contact with the plasma membrane of
the egg and ends with the intermingling
of maternal and paternal chromosomes
at the metaphase plate prior to the first
cleavage division.

The fertilization process itself has a number of

important components. This include :
1. Initial membrane contact between egg and
sperm
2. Entry of the sperm cell into the egg
3. Prevention of polyspermy (entry of more than
one sperm cell into the egg) by the egg)
4. Metabolic activation of the egg
5. Completion of miosis by the egg
6. Formation and fusion of male and female
pronuclei, leading to the final cleavage division.

Sea Urchin Fertilization

The chemoattraction of the sperm to the egg by
soluble molecules secreted by the egg... Resact
The exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle to
release its enzymes
The binding of the sperm to the extracellular
envelope (vitelline layer or zona pellucida) of the
egg
The passing of the sperm through this
extracellular envelope
Fusion of egg and sperm cell plasma membranes

Structure of Gamet

Acrosomal Reaction

Acrosomal Process

First: Contact and Recognition

Sea Urchin
The plasma membrane of the sea urchin egg is
surrounded by the vitelline layer and the
thicker, outer jelly coat (zona pellucida in
mammals)
The acrosome reaction is the release of
proteolytic enzymes from the acrosome of the
sperm
Acrosome digests a path through the external
coverings
If sea urchin gametes are of the same species,
a protein called bindin on the acrosome adheres
to a specific receptor on the vitelline membrane
Gamet fusion occurs at the tip of acrosome
involves an egg microvillus

Sea Urchin Fertilization

Blocks To Polyspermy
Fast block to polyspermy involves egg plasma
membrane action potential, prevents additional sperm
from entering
The slow block to polyspermy involves the cortical
reaction
Calcium ion entry causes fusion of large cortical
granules with plasma membrane that release
digestive enzymes
The acellular vitelline membrane (not a plasma
membrane but extracellular matrix) lifts away from
the plasma membrane due to the digestive activity
and local increase in ionic strength from the cortical
granule contents
Forms a fertilization envelope that hardens
In mammals, the zona pellucida sperm receptors
are modified to prevent further entry of sperm

Fast block polyspermae

Slow block polyspermae

Egg Activation
The activation of all eggs appears to depend on an
increase in the concentration of free calcium ions
within the egg. Such an increase can occur in two
ways: calcium ions can enter the egg from outside,
or calcium ions can be released from the
endoplasmic reticulum within the egg.
Both mechanisms are used to different degrees in
different species. In snails and worms, much of the
calcium probably enters the egg from outside, while
in fishes, frogs, sea urchins, and mammals, most of
the calcium ions probably come from the
endoplasmic reticulum.
In both cases, a wave of calcium ions sweeps across
the egg, beginning at the site of sperm-egg fusion

Pathway of egg activation

Mammalian Fertilization

Capacitation
The sperm plasma membrane undergoes
changes in lipid composition and other
alteration that will facilitate fertilization
Reorganization the cytockeleton at the
sperm tip
Removal of coating factors that mask
egg binding site at the sperm surface

Effects of Capacitation on Sperm

Increased rate of metabolism
Flagellum beats more rapidly
Result: Sperm are more motile (hyperactivated)

Changes in sperm glycoproteins

Allow sperm-egg binding

Pro-Acrosin (inactive) is converted to

acrosin (active)
Able to digest zona pellucida proteins

Fertilization
The first step in development of a new
individual is fertilization
The chemoattraction of the sperm to the egg by
soluble molecules secreted by the egg
The exocytosis of the acrosomal vesicle to release its
enzymes
The binding of the sperm to the extracellular
envelope (vitelline layer or zona pellucida) of the egg
The passing of the sperm through this extracellular
envelope
Fusion of egg and sperm cell plasma membranes

 In most common mammals, including

humans, the spermatozoa are deposited in
the upper vagina at insemination, but in many
rodents the site of insemination is the uterus.
In comparison with their size, the distance the
spermatozoa must travel is great.
The route may be beset with chemical
hazards in the form of strong acid secretions
or with mechanical obstacles, such as a
crooked and compressed cervical canal or
uterine tubes narrowed or occluded by
disease.

The Egg can be activated in the

absence of a spermatozon

Another outcome of the sharp rise in Ca2+

concentration in the egg's cytosol is a substantial
increase in the rates of celular respiration and
protein synthesis by the egg, known as egg
activation. Although egg activation is normally
triggered by the binding and fusion of sperm, the
unfertilized eggs of many species can be
artificially activated by the injection of Ca2+ or
by various mildly injurious treatments, such as
temperature shock. Artificial activation switches
on the metabolic responses of the egg and
causes it to begin developing by
parthenogenesis. It is even possible to artificially
activate an egg that has had its own nucleus

 Once the sperm has fused with egg, a regular

sequence of events leads to ultimate joining of
the male and female pronuclei.
With sperm entry, the block to the second
meiotic division of the egg is rapidly lifted and
the second polar body is released, leaving a
haploid female nucleus.
A new pronuclear membrane soon forms around
the now decondensed nuclear material form the
sperm.
As the male and female pronuclei migrate toward
each other, DNA syntesis occurs on the DNA of
the haploid chromosomes.