Chap 4 - Antenna

Chapter 4
Antenna
Chapter Outlines
Chapter 4
Antenna
Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas
Dipole Antennas
Monopole Antennas
Antenna Arrays
Helical Antennas
Yagi Uda Array Antennas
Antennas for Wireless Communications
Introduction
Wires passing an alternating current emit or radiate EM
energy. The shape and size of the current carrying
structure determine how much energy is radiated,
direction of propagation and how well the radiation is
captured.
Henceforth, the structure to efficiently radiate in a
preferred direction is called transmitting antenna, while
the other side which is to capture radiation from
preferable direction is called receiving antenna.
In most cases, the efficiency and directional

nature for an antenna is the same whether its
receiving or transmitting.
3
Introduction (Contd..)
Common types of antennas:
Introduction (Contd..)
Generic antenna network. The antenna acts as a

transducer between guided waves on the T-line
and waves propagating in space.
5
4.1 Fundamental Parameters of

Antennas
To describe the performance of an antenna,

definitions of various parameters are discussed. The
radiated power, beam pattern, directivity, and
efficiency are all important parameters in
characterizing antenna.
RADIATED POWER
Suppose transmitting antenna located at the origin of
spherical coordinate. From this coordinate system, there
are three components of radiated field, in r, and . But,
the intensities of these components vary with radial
distance as 1/r, 1/r2 and 1/r3.
Fundamental Parameters of
Antennas (Contd..)
For
almost
all
practical
applications,
a
receiving
antenna located far enough
away from the transmitter (as
a point source of radiation)
far field region.
A distance r from the origin is
generally accepted as being in
the far field region if :
2L2
r
L is the length of the largest dimension on the antenna

element, and assumed L>. For smaller L, r should at least
Antennas (Contd..)
In the far field, the radiated waves resemble plane waves
propagating in ar direction where time harmonic fields
related by :
E S 0a r H S
1
HS
ar ES
0
0 120
The time averaged power density vector of the wave

is by Poynting Theorem,
1
P r , , Re E S H *S
2
Where in the far field,
P r , , P r , , a r
Antennas (Contd..)
So, the total power radiated by the antenna, Prad is found
by integrating it over a close spherical surface :
Prad P r , , .dS P r , , r sin dd

2
Example 1
In free space, suppose a wave propagating radially
away from an antenna at the origin has:
Hs
Is
r
cos 2 a ,
j
I
I
e
Where the driving current phasor S
0
Find:
ES
P(r,,)
Prad and Rrad

10
Solution to Example 1
To find ES, from time harmonic fields relation:
Is
2
E s a P H s oa r
cos a ,
r
o I s
cos 2 a
So, ( a )E s
r
Then, to find P(r,,)
j
j
I
e
I
e
1
1
*
2
2
o o
o
P Re E s H s Re
cos a
cos a
2
2
r
r
1 I o
(b) P r , , o cos 4 a r
2 r
Solution to Example 1 (Contd..)

Then, Prad P r , , dS
1 2
I 0 Rrad
2
4
1
2 cos
0 I 0
a r r 2 sin dda r
2
r2
1
0 I 0 2 cos 4 sin d
2
2
0 I 0 2
5
2
2
120
o
Solving:
5
Rrad
96 2
1 2
Io
2
(c) Rrad 950
Antennas (Contd..)
RADIATION PATTERNS
From Balanis book:
Antennas (Contd..)
Radiation patterns usually indicate either electric field, E
intensity or power intensity. Magnetic field intensity, H
has the same radiation pattern as E related by 0.
The polarization or orientation of the E field vector is an
important consideration in an E field plot. A transmit
receive antenna pair must share same polarization for the
most efficient communication.
Antennas (Contd..)
Coordinate System
Antennas (Contd..)
Since the actual field intensity is not only depends on radial
distance, but also on how much power delivered to
antenna, we use and plot normalized function divide the
field or power component with its maximum value.
E.g. the normalized power function or normalized radiation
intensity :
P r , ,
Pn ,
Pmax
Antennas (Contd..)
If the antenna radiates EM waves equally in all directions, it
is termed as isotropic antenna, where the normalized
power function is equal to 1.
So,
Pn , iso 1
In contrast with isotropic antenna, a directional

antenna radiates and receives preferentially in some
direction.
Antennas (Contd..)
The normalized radiation patterns for a generic antenna,
called polar plot. A 3D plot of radiation pattern can be
difficult to generate and work with, so take slices of the
pattern and generate 2D plots (rectangular plots) for all at
=/2 and =3/2
Polar
plot
Rectangula
r plot (in
dB)
Antennas (Contd..)
Antennas (Contd..)
The polar plot also can be in terms of dB. Where
normalized E field pattern,
E r , ,
E n ,
E max
This will be identical to the power pattern in decibels if:
En , dB 20 log En ,
whereas
Pn , dB 10 log Pn ,
Antennas (Contd..)
The are some zeros and nulls in radiation pattern,
indicating no radiations.
These lobes shows the direction of radiation, where main
or major lobe lies in the direction of maximum radiation.
The other lobes divert power away from the main beam, so
that good antenna design will seek to minimize the side
and back lobes.
Beams directional nature is beamwidth, or half power
beamwidth or 3 dB beamwidth. It will shows the angular
width of the beam measured at the half power or -3 dB
points.
Antennas (Contd..)
For linearly polarized antenna, performance is often
described in terms of its principal E and H plane patterns.
E plane : the plane containing the E field vector & the
direction of max radiation
H plane : the plane containing the H field vector & the
direction of max radiation
For next figure,
the x-z plane (elevation plane, =0) is the principal Eplane
the x-y plane (azimuthal plane; =/2) is the principal Hplane.
Antennas (Contd..)
Antennas (Contd..)
For this figure,
Infinite number of
principal E-planes
(elevation plane, =c).
One principal H-plane
(azimuthal plane; =/2).
Antennas (Contd..)
DIRECTIVITY
A measure of how well an antenna radiate most of the
power fed into the main lobe. Before defining directivity,
describe first the antennas pattern solid angle or beam
solid angle.
An arc with length equal to a
circles radius defines a radian.
Antennas (Contd..)
An area equal to the square of a
spheres radius defines a steradian
(sr).
A differential solid angle d in sr
is:
d sin dd
For sphere, the solid angle is found by integrating d

:
2
sin dd 4 sr
0 0
Antennas (Contd..)
An antennas solid angle p:
Pn , d
To find the normalized powers

average value taken over the
entire spherical solid angle :
Pn , d p
Pn , ave
4
d
Antennas (Contd..)
The directive gain D(,) of an antenna is the ratio
of the normalized power in particular direction to the
average normalized power :
Pn ,
D ,
Pn , ave
The directivity Dmax is the maximum directive gain,
Dmax D , max
So,
Dmax
Pn , max
Pn , ave
where Pn , max 1
Antennas (Contd..)
Directivity in decibels as:
Dmax dB 10 log Dmax

Useful relation:
D , D , max Pn ,
Total radiated power as:
Prad r 2 Pmax
P , d
Or :
Prad r 2 Pmax p
Antennas (Contd..)
For (a), power gets radiated to the side and back lobes, so
the pattern solid angle is large and the directivity is
small. For (b), almost all the power gets radiated to the
main beam, so pattern solid angle is small and
directivity is high.
Example 2
For this normalized radiation intensity,
Pn , sin 2 sin 3 for 0 ,

0 otherwise.
Find the beamwidth, pattern solid angle
and the directivity.
31
The beam is pointing in the +y direction. WHY?!
?!
Due to the beam having function in and , so
that:
1
BW BW BW .
2
From previous equation,Pn , max 1

so that a
3dB beamwidth is at half of total power = 0.5.
32

To find BW, we fix = /2 to get:
Pn , sin 2 1
and then set sin2 equal to . Then,
sin
1
o
o
o
o
o
45
,
so
BW
180
45
45
90
.
To find BW, we fix = /2 to get:
Pn , 1 sin 3
33

and then set sin3 equal to . Then,
sin
So,
1 2
52.5o, so BW 180o 52.5o 52.5o 75o.
1
BW 90o 75o 82.5o.
2
The pattern solid angle is:
P Pn d sin 2 sin 3 sin d d ,
P sin 3 d sin 3 d , (note limits on )

Where each integral is solved as follows:
y sin 3 xdx 1 cos 2 x sin xdx sin xdx cos 2 x sin xdx.
Please continue on your
So,
own!!
4 4
p sin 3 d sin 3 d
Finally,
3 3
p 1.78sr
Dmax
and the directivity,
4
4
7.1
P 1.78
35
Antennas (Contd..)
IMPEDANCE & EFFICIENCY
(a) A T-line terminated in a dipole antenna can be

modeled with an antenna impedance, Zant (b) consisting of
resistive and reactive components (c).
Antennas (Contd..)
The antenna resistance consists of radiation resistance Rrad
and a dissipative resistance Rdiss that arises from ohmic
losses in the metal conductor. For antenna driven by
phasor current,
1 2
1
Prad I 0 Rrad and also Pdiss I 0 2 Rdiss
For maximum radiated power, Rrad need to be as large

as possible but without being too large, for easily
match with the feedline.
Antennas (Contd..)
So then the antenna efficiency, e
Prad
Rrad
e
Prad Pdiss Rrad Rdiss

The power gain G(,) is likely its directive gain plus
efficiency, where:
G , eD ,
And the max power gain is when the directivity is max. Its
been always expressed in dBi , indicating dB with respect to
an isotropic antenna.
4.2 Electrically Short Antennas

If the current distribution of a radiating element is known,
its possible to calculate the radiated fields by a direct
integration but, the integrals can be very complex.
For time harmonic fields, integration is performed to find a
phasor called retarded vector magnetic potential, which
then followed by simple differentiation to find the H field.
We will begin with a derivation of the retarded vector
magnetic potential, then find the radiated fields for
Hertzian dipole (infinitesimally short element with uniform
current along its length). From that, we can find the fields
from longer structures via integration e.g. small loop
antenna.

(Contd..)
Vector Magnetic Potential
In working with electric fields,E V
and analogous
term for H field is the vector magnetic potential A, often
used for antenna calculations.
Where in the point form of Gauss Law for magnetic fields,
B 0
With vector identity that states the div of the curl of any
vector A is zero. So,
B A
Then we now seek a relation between vector A and a

current source.

(Contd..)
From Biot Savart law,
Remember?!?
0
a do
B0
Jd
dvd
4
Rdo 2
The vector magnetic

potential
at
the
observation
point
(o) results from a
current
density
distributed
about
the volume vd.

(Contd..)
Due to long derivation and by using vector identity, we
could get:
0
B0 0
4
Then,
0
A0
4
Jd
Rdo 2 dvd
Refer to text
book!
Jd
Rdo 2 dvd
More properly,
0
A 0 x0 , y 0 , z 0
4
J d xd , y d , z d
Rdo
dvd
Where the vector

potential at point o is
a function of the
position of current
element

(Contd..)
We have yet to consider time dependence, so:
0
A 0 x0 , y 0 , z 0 , t
4
Where:
J d xd , y d , z d , t Rdo / u p
dvd
Rdo
J d xd , y d , z d , t Rdo / u p J ds e jt
Where Jds is the retarded phasor quantity:
J ds J d xd , y d , z d e jkRdo
k==
2/

(Contd..)
Using this current density, the phasor form is:
A 0S
J ds
dvd
Rdo
This is what we called as the time harmonic equation for

the retarded vector magnetic potential.
In phasor notation, the vector magnetic potential is
related to the magnetic flux density by :
B 0S A 0S

(Contd..)
From there, we could find H in free space :
H 0S B 0S / 0
Because the radiation is propagating radially away from
the source, it is then a simple matter to find E, where:
E 0 S 0a r H 0 S
Finally, the time averaged power radiated is:
1
P r , , Re E 0 S H * 0 S
2

(Contd..)
Hertzian Dipole
Suppose that a short line of current,
i (t ) I 0 cos t
Its placed along the z axis as shown.

(Contd..)
j
Here, the phasor current is:I s I 0 e
To maintain constant current over its entire length,

imagine a pair of plates at the ends of the line that can
store charge.
The stored charge at the ends resembles an electric
dipole, and the short line of oscillating current is then
Hertzian Dipole.
For Is in the +az direction through a cross sectional S,
the current density at the source seen by the
observation point:
I s jkR
J ds e
az

(Contd..)
Geometrical arrangement of
an infinitesimal dipole and its
associated electric field
components on a spherical
surface.

(Contd..)
A differential volume of this element,
dvd Sdz
So,
J ds dvd I s e jkR dza z
Therefore,
A 0S
/ 2
/ 2
I s e jkR
dza z
R
With assumption that the Hertzian dipole is very

short, integrate to get A0S :
A 0S
0 I s e jkR
az
4R

(Contd..)
The unit vector az can be converted to its equivalent
spherical coordinates, so that:
A 0S
0 I s e jkR
cos a r sin a
4R
It is now a relatively straightforward matter to find B0S and

then,
H 0S
I s e jkR
1
jk sin a
4R
R
Regroup to get:
H 0S
I s k 2 e jkR
j
1
sin a
kR kR 2

(Contd..)
The second terms drops off with increasing radius much
faster than the first term, where for far field condition:
1
1
kR kR 2
Therefore,
H 0S
I s ke jkR
j
sin a
4R
Meanwhile, the far field value of E field :
E0S
I s ke jkR
j 0
sin a
4R

(Contd..)
The time averaged power density at observation point is:
I 2 2 k 2
sin 2 a
P r , 0 0
r
32 2 R 2
The term in brackets is

the max power density.
The sin2 term is the
normalized radiation
intensity Pn() plotted as
:

(Contd..)
The normalized radiation intensity can be used to find the
pattern solid angle,
sin 2 d
sin 2 sin dd 8 3
The directivity is then: Dmax
1 .5
p
The total power radiated by a Hertzian dipole:

2 2 2
k
2
2 0 I0
Prad r Pmax p r
32 2 R 2
40 2 I 2
0
p

(Contd..)
Also Rrad as:
Rrad
80

For Hertzian dipole, where l<<, Rrad will be very small and
the antenna will not efficiently radiate power. Larger
dipole antennas, have much higher Rrad and thus more
efficient.
Example 3
Suppose a Hertzian dipole antenna is 1 cm
long and is excited by a 10 mA amplitude
current source at 100 MHz.
What is the
maximum power density radiated by this

antenna at a 1 km distance?
What is the
antennas radiation resistance?
55
We should calculate the wavelength,
c
3 x108 m s
cf,
3m.
6
f 100 x10 1 s
The max. power radiated is:
Pmax
o I l
32 r
2 2 2
o
2 2
120 2
32
32
0.010 0.010
2
10002
The antenna radiation resistance :

2
Rrad
l
2 0.01
80 80
8.8m
pW
0.052 2
m

(Contd..)
Small Loop Antenna
A small loop of current located in the xy plane centered at
the origin small loop antenna or magnetic dipole.

(Contd..)
Substitute,
J ds dvd I s e jkR ada
Giving us,
A 0S
0 I s a e jkR
da
4
R
Assume that a<< and A0s is in far field. Its discovered

that,
A 0S
Where, S a 2
H 0S
0 I s S
4R 2
1 jkR e jkR sin a
and thus,
0 I s Sk
sin e jkR a
40 R
E0S
0 I s Sk
sin e jkR a
4R

(Contd..)
The power density vector :
P r ,
Where,
Pmax
2 2 I 2S 2k 2
0 0
32 0 2 R 2
sin 2 a r
2 0 2 I 0 2 S 2 k 2
32 0 2 R 2
Since the normalized power function is the same as

Hertzian dipole, p=8/3, Dmax = 1.5

(Contd..)
Try
this!!
Calculation of Prad and Rrad yields

3
4 0 I 0 S
Prad
2
3

Rrad 320
The fields for the small loop antenna is similar to Hertzian

dipole. Its the dual of Hertzian (electric) dipole
magnetic dipole.
The equations also valid for multi turn loop, as long as the
loop small compared to wavelength. For N circular loop,
S=Na2 and for square coil N loops, with each side length
b, S=Nb2
4.3 Dipole Antennas

Dipole Antennas
A drawback to Hertzian
dipole
as
a
practical
antenna
is
its
small
radiation
resistance.
A
longer will have higher
radiation
resistance,
becomes more efficient. It
as an L long conductor
conveniently placed along
the z axis with current
distribution i(z,t).
Dipole Antennas (Contd..)

Assume sinusoidal current distribution on each arm, where
the antenna is center-fed and the current vanishes at the
end points. The distribution:
i z , t I s ( z ) cos t
Where,
j
I
e
sin
k
0
2
I s ( z)
I 0 e j sin k L z
0 z L/2
L/2 z 0
Division of the L long

dipole into a series of
infinitesimal
Hertzian
dipoles !!

For simplicity, assume phase term =0, and make use of
current distribution term with magnetic field equation for a
Hertzian dipole to get :
I k
H 0 S j 0 a
L / 2
jkR
sin
L
k z
2
sin ' dz
L / 2 jkR
sin
k z
2
sin ' dz

For far field, the vectors r and R appear to be parallel, so
that = and R=r, where:
e jkR e jk r z cos e jkr e jkz cos

After pulling the components
that dont change with z, use
table of integrals and with
application
to
Eulers
identity,
kL
kL
cos cos

jkr cos
I e
2
2 a
H 0 S H 0 S a j 0

2 r
sin

The vector E0S is then easily found from :
E 0 S 0a r H 0 S 0 H 0 S a
The time averaged power radiated is:
P r ,
15 I 0 2
r 2
F a r
Where, the pattern function is given by:
kL
kL
cos
cos cos

2
2
F
sin

Its not generally equivalent to the normalized power
function since F() can be greater than one.
Therefore, the normalized power function is:
F
Pn
F max
And the max time averaged power density is then :
Pmax
15 I 0 2
F max
3D and 2D amplitude patterns for a thin dipole of

l=1.25

Half Wave Dipole Antennas
Because of its convenient radiation resistance, and
because its a smallest resonant dipole antenna, the half
wavelength dipole antenna merits special attention.
With kL/2 = /2,
15 I 0 2
P r ,
r 2
With the F() is 1, the

maximum power density is:

cos
2
a
r
2
sin
cos 2
P r ,
15 I 0 2
r 2

Therefore, the normalized power density is:
Pn
cos
2
cos 2
cos 2
The current distribution and normalized radiation pattern

for a half wave dipole antenna.

For half wave dipole
p 7.658
and with L = /2
We can then find the directivity as :
Dmax
Try
this!!
4
1.640
p
Which is slightly higher than the directivity of Hertzian

dipole, the radiation resistance is given by:
Prad
1 2
I 0 Rrad r 2 Pmax p
2
Leads to: Rrad
30
p 73.2

This radiation resistance much higher than of Hertzian
dipole, where it radiates more efficiently easier to
construct an impedance matching network for this
antenna impedance.
This antenna impedance also contains a reactive
components, Xant, where for a /2 dipole antenna it is
equal to 42.5 . Therefore, total impedance by neglecting
Z ant 73.2 j 42.5
Rdiss.
For impedance matching, need to make reactance zero (in
resonant condition). So, it can be achieved by making the
antenna slightly shorter (reduced in length until reactance
vanishes).
Example 4
Find the efficiency and maximum power gain of a
/2 dipole antenna constructed with AWG#20
(0.406 mm radius) copper wire operating at 1.0
GHz.
Compare your result with a 3 mm length dipole
antenna (Hertzian Dipole) if the center of this
antenna is driven with a 1.0 GHz sinusoidal
current.
74
We first find the skin depth of copper at 1.0
GHz,
1
1
cu
2.09 10 6 m
f 0
1109 4 10 7 5.8 107
This is much smaller than the wire radius, so the wire area
over which current is conducted by:
S 2a cu 5.33 10 9 m 2
At 1 GHz, the wavelength is 0.3m and the /2 is 0.15m long.
The ohmic resistance is then:
1
Rdiss
0.485
S

Since the radiation resistance for half wave dipole is 73.2,
we have :
73.2
e
0.99
73.2 0.485
A gain of:
Gmax eDmax 0.991.640 1.63

Meanwhile for Hertzian Dipole, the ohmic resistance of the
small dipole is :
1
Rdiss
9.7 m
S

To find the radiation resistance, with value of wavelength is
0.3m, thus :
Rrad
3 10 3 m
79 m
80
0
.
3
m
Therefore, its efficiency and gain:
79m
e
0.89
79m 9.7 m
Gmax eDmax 0.891.5 1.34
Thus, the half wave dipole is clearly more efficient

with a higher gain than the short dipole.
4.4 Monopole Antennas
Consider the construction of half wave dipole for an AM

radio station broadcasting at 1 MHz. At this f, the
wavelength is 300m long and the half wave dipole
antenna must be 150m tall.
We can cut this in half, by employing image theory to build
a quarter wave monopole antenna that is only 75m
tall!!
Monopole Antennas (Contd..)

Consider pair of charges, +Q and Q (as electric dipole),
where the dashed line shows the location of zero potential
surface. If we slide a conductive plane over the zero
potential surface, the field lines in the upper half plane are
unchanged.

Note that the charge can be in any distribution (point
charge, line charge, surface or volume charge) and the
image charge is a mirror image of opposite polarity.
A monopole antenna is excited by a current source at its
base. By image theory, the current in the image will be the
same with the current in actual monopole. The pair of
monopole resembles a dipole antenna.
A monopole antenna placed over a conductive plane and
half the length of a corresponding dipole antenna will have
identical field patterns in the upper half plane.
For the upper half plane (00< <900), the time averaged
power, max power density and normalized power density
for the quarter wave monopole is the same with half wave
dipole. But the pattern solid angle is different.

Since the normalized power density is zero for (900<
<1800), the pattern solid angle:
Pn d
Integrate over all space will be half value of p for half

wave dipole. So, for quarter wave monopole,
p 3.829
4
Dmax
3.28
p
See that the radiation resistance is halved, and the

antenna impedance :
30
Rrad
p 36.6
Z ant 36.6 j 21.25
Summary of Key Antenna Parameters
4.5 Antenna Arrays

The antennas we have studied so far have all been
omnidirectional no variation in . A properly spaced
collection of antennas, can have significant variation in
leading to dramatic improvements in directivity.
A Ka-Band Array Antenna
Antenna Arrays (Contd..)

An antenna array can be designed to give a particular
shape of radiating pattern. Control of the phase and
current driving each array element along with spacing of
array elements can provide beam steering capability.
For simplification:
All antenna elements are identical
The current amplitude is the same feeding each

element.
The radiation pattern lies only in xy plane, =/2
The radiation pattern then can be controlled by:
controlling the spacing between elements or
controlling the phase of current driving for each element

For simple example, consider a pair of dipole antennas
driven in phase current source and separated by /2 on
the x axis.
Assume each antenna radiates

independently, at far field point
P, the fields from 2 antennas will
be 180 out-of-phase, owing to
extra /2 distance travel by the
wave from the farthest antenna
fields cancel in this direction.
At point Q, the fields in phase
and adds. The E field is then
twice from single dipole, fourfold
increase in power broadside
array max radiation is
directed broadside to axis of
Modify with driving the pair of

dipoles with current sources 180 out
of phase. Then along x axis will be
in phase and along y axis will be out
of phase, as shown by the resulting
beam pattern endfire array
max radiation is directed at the
ends of axis containing array
elements.

Pair of Hertzian Dipoles
Recall that the far field value of E field from Hertzian
dipole at origin,
E0S
I s ke jkR
j 0
sin a
4R
But confining our discussion to the xy plane where = /2,
E0S
I s ke jkR
j 0
a
4R

Consider a pair of z oriented
Hertzian dipole, with distance
d, where the total field is the
vector sum of the fields for
both
dipoles
and
the
magnitude of currents the
same but a phase shift
between them.
I s1ke jkR1
I s 2 ke jkR2
E 0 S tot E 0 S1 E 0 S 2 j 0
a j 0
a
4R1
4R2
Where,
I s1 I 0
I s 2 I 0 e j

Assumption,
1 2
And,
R1 r R2

Where geometrically we could get,
d
R1 r cos
2
d
R2 r cos
2
Thus, the total E field becomes:

E 0 S tot j 0
jkR
I 0 ke
4R
d
j k cos
2
e j 2 e 2
d
j k cos
2
e 2
With Eulers identity, the total E field at far field

observation point from two element Hertzian dipole array
becomes :
jkR
j
I 0 ke
d
2e 2 cos k cos a
E 0 S tot j 0
4R
2
2

To find radiated power,
1
1
*
P r , , Re E S H S 0 E0 S tot 2 a r
2
2
2
I 2 2 k 2
d
2
0 0
4 cos k cos
2
2
32 R
2
2
It can be written as:

P r , , Funit Farray a r
2
ar

Unit factor, Funit is the max time averaged power density for
an individual antenna element at =/2
Funit
I 2 2 k 2
0 0
32 2 R 2
An array factor, Farray is
Farray 4 cos 2
Where,
kd cos
This is the pattern function resulting from an array of two

isotropic radiators.
Example 5
The /2 long antennas are
driven in phase and are /2
apart. Find:
the far field radiation
pattern for a pair of half wave
dipole shown.
the
maximum
power
density 1 km away from the
array if each antenna is
driven by a 1mA amplitude
current source at 100 MHz.
94
At 100 MHz, = 3m, so that 1 km away is definitely in far
field. For a half wave dipole, we have :
P r , P r , a r
15 I 0 2
r 2

cos cos
2
a
2
sin
The unit factor can be found by evaluating above at =

/2 ,
Funit
15I 0 2
r 2

The array factor, with d = /2 and =0 (due to antennas
are driven at the same phase) :
Farray
4 cos cos
2
For the array, we now have :
60 I 0 2

2
P r , , Funit Farray a r
cos cos
2
2
The normalized
power function
is:

P r , ,
2

2
Pn ,
cos cos
2

2
P r , ,
2 max

This can be plotted as :
But
how
plot?!?!?!
to
Use MATLAB!!
The maximum radiated power density at 1000m is :
Pmax
60 I 0
60 10
3 2
1000
19
pW
m2

N - Element Linear Arrays
The procedure of two-element array can be extended for an
arbitrary number of array elements, by simplifying
assumptions :
The array is linear antenna elements are evenly
spaced, d along a line.
The array is uniform each antenna element driven by

same magnitude current source, constant phase difference,
between adjacent elements.
I s1 I 0 , I s 2 I 0 e j , I s3 I 0 e 2 j ,.... I sN I 0 e j N 1

The far field electric field intensity :
I 0 ke jkR
E 0 S tot j 0
1 e j e j 2 ... e j N 1 a r
4R
Where,
kd cos
Manipulate this series to get:
N
sin
2
Farray

sin 2
2
2
With the max value as :
Farray max N 2

So then the normalized power pattern for these elements is
:
N
sin
Farray
1
2
Pn
2
Farray

N
max
sin 2
2
2
Example 6
Five antenna elements spaced /4 apart
with progressive phase steps 300. The
antennas are assumed to be linear array of
z oriented dipoles on the x axis. Find:
the normalized radiation pattern in xy
plane
the plot of the radiation pattern.
102
To find the array factor, first need to find psi, :
kd cos
2

cos 30
cos
6
4
180 2
Inserting this ratio to array factor,
N
5
2 5
sin
sin
cos
2
4
12
Farray

2
sin 2
sin
cos
12
2
4
2
Farray max N 2 25

The normalized radiation pattern is :
5
5
cos
1
12
4
Pn

25
2
sin cos
12
4
sin 2
The plot is :
But
how
plot?!?!?!
Use MATLAB!!
to

Parasitic Arrays
Not all the elements in array need be directly driven by
current source. A parasitic array typically one driven
element and several parasitic elements, the best known
parasitic array is Yagi-Uda antenna.

On one side of the driven element is reflector length
and spacing are chosen to cancel most of the radiation in
that direction, as well as to enhance the direction to forward
or main beam direction.
Several directors (four to six) focus the main beam in

the forward direction high gain and easy to construct.
Parasitic elements tend to pull down the Rrad of the driven

element. E.g. Rrad of dipole would drop from 73 to 20
when used as the driven element in Yagi-Uda antenna.
But higher Rrad is more efficient, so use half wavelength
folded dipole antenna (four times Rrad of half-wave
4.6 Helical Antennas
Diameter
of
ground plane at
least 3/4
Helical Antennas (Contd..)

Important Parameters

For this special case,
The radiated field is circularly polarized in all directions other

than = 00
Parameters for End Fire mode

Feed Design for Helical Antennas
4.7 Yagi Uda Array Antennas
Yagi Uda Array Antennas (Contd..)
Example 7
With above parameters, design a Yagi

Uda Array antenna by finding the
element spacing, lengths and total array
length.
124
from given directivity =

9.2 dB
Solution to Example 7(Contd..)

Therefore,
Total array length: 0.8
The spacing between directors: 0.2
The reflector spacing: 0.2
The actual elements length:
L3 = L5
L4 : 0.443
L1 : 0.490
: 0.447
128
Fig
10.25
129
Fig
10.26
130
4.8 Antennas for Wireless

Communications
Parabolic Reflectors
Parabolic
antenna
dish
Parabolic
antenna
reflector
Antennas for Wireless

Communications (Contd..)
All of these parabolic
reflectors operates based
on the geometric optics
principle that a point
source of radiation placed
at the focal point of
parabolic reflector
will
radiate
the
energy
Cassegrain reflector antenna
incident on the dish in a
narrow and
collimated
beam.
For high efficient, the dish must be significantly larger
than the radiation wavelength, and has a directive feed.

Patch Antennas
Other shapes such as circles, triangles and annular rings

also been used. It can be excited by an edge or probe
fed, where its location is chosen for impedance match
between cable and antenna.

Folded Dipole Antennas
A pair of half-wavelength dipole elements
are joined at the ends and fed from the
center of one of the pair. If the two
sections are close together (d on the order
of /64), the impedance will be four times
greater than the regular /2 dipole
antenna. The directivity is the same but
the bandwidth is significantly broader.
Antenna
End

Chap 4 - Antenna

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chap 4 - Antenna

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 4

Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

In most cases, the efficiency and directional

Generic antenna network. The antenna acts as a

4.1 Fundamental Parameters of

To describe the performance of an antenna,

L is the length of the largest dimension on the antenna

The time averaged power density vector of the wave

Prad P r , , .dS P r , , r sin dd

Prad and Rrad

Then, to find P(r,,)

Solution to Example 1 (Contd..)

In contrast with isotropic antenna, a directional

This will be identical to the power pattern in decibels if:

For sphere, the solid angle is found by integrating d

To find the normalized powers

The directivity Dmax is the maximum directive gain,

Dmax dB 10 log Dmax

Pn , sin 2 sin 3 for 0 ,

From previous equation,Pn , max 1

Solution to Example 2 (Contd..)

To find BW, we fix = /2 to get:

Solution to Example 2 (Contd..)

52.5o, so BW 180o 52.5o 52.5o 75o.

The pattern solid angle is:

P Pn d sin 2 sin 3 sin d d ,

P sin 3 d sin 3 d , (note limits on )

Solution to Example 2 (Contd..)

and the directivity,

(a) A T-line terminated in a dipole antenna can be

For maximum radiated power, Rrad need to be as large

Prad Pdiss Rrad Rdiss

4.2 Electrically Short Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas

Then we now seek a relation between vector A and a

Electrically Short Antennas

The vector magnetic

Electrically Short Antennas

Where the vector

Electrically Short Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas

This is what we called as the time harmonic equation for

Electrically Short Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas

To maintain constant current over its entire length,

Electrically Short Antennas

Electrically Short Antennas

J ds dvd I s e jkR dza z

With assumption that the Hertzian dipole is very

Electrically Short Antennas

It is now a relatively straightforward matter to find B0S and

Electrically Short Antennas

Meanwhile, the far field value of E field :

Electrically Short Antennas

The term in brackets is

Electrically Short Antennas

The directivity is then: Dmax

The total power radiated by a Hertzian dipole:

Electrically Short Antennas

maximum power density radiated by this

antennas radiation resistance?

The antenna radiation resistance :

Electrically Short Antennas