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introduction
Amongst the natural hazards, earthquakes have the
potential for causing the greatest damages.
Since earthquake forces are random in nature &
unpredictable, the engineering tools needs to be
sharpened for analyzing structures under the action of
these forces.
Performance based design is gaining a new dimension in
the seismic design philosophy wherein the near field
ground motion (usually acceleration) is to be considered.
Earthquake loads are to be carefully modeled so as to
assess the real behavior of structure with a clear
understanding that damage is expected but it should be
regulated.
introduction
In recent years, the term Performance Based Design is being
used as a popular buzzword in the field of earthquake
engineering, with the structural engineer taking keen interest
in its concepts due to its potential benefits in assessment,
design and better understanding of structural behaviour
during strong ground motions.
The basic idea of Performance Based Design is to conceive
structures that perform desirably during various loading
scenarios.
permits the owners and designers to select personalized
performance goals for the design of different structures.
However, there is a need to emphasis that some minimum
level or minimum acceptable criteria are required to be
fulfilled by all structures.
Introduction
introduction
Performance based engineering is not new. Automobiles,
airplanes, and turbines have been designed and manufactured
using this approach for many decades.
Generally in such applications one or more full-scale prototypes
of the structure are built and subjected to extensive testing.
The design and manufacturing process is then revised to
incorporate the lessons learned from the experimental
evaluations.
Once the cycle of design, prototype manufacturing, testing
and redesign is successfully completed, the product is
manufactured in a massive scale.
In the automotive industry, for example, millions of automobiles
which are virtually identical in their mechanical characteristics
are produced following each performance-based design exercise.
Type of building
Basic comopnent of building
Effect of mass and height
Importance of lateral strength
Importance of ductility
Importance of integrity
Effect of layout in plan
Effect of configuration in elevation
Effect of soil
histroy
Performance-based design of buildings
has been practiced since 1960 in country
like England, New Zealand, and Australia
They have performance-based building
codes in place for decades .
The International Code Council (ICC) in
the United States had a performance
code available for voluntary adoption
since 2001 (ICC, 2001).
history
In 1989, the FEMA-funded project was launched to develop formal
engineering guidelines for retrofit of existing buildings (ATC,
1989)
it was recommended that the rules and guidelines be
sufficiently flexible to accommodate a much wider variety of
local or even building-specific seismic risk reduction policies
than has been traditional for new building construction.
NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing
Buildings, FEMA 273, therefore contained a range of formal
performance objectives that corresponded to specified levels
of seismic shaking.
The performance levels were generalized with descriptions of
overall damage states with titles of Operational, Immediate
Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention.
history
Over the 10-year period after publication of FEMA 273, its
procedures were reviewed and refined and eventually
published in 2006 as an American Society of Civil
Engineers (ASCE) national standard - Seismic
Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings, ASCE 41.
Intended for rehabilitation of existing buildings, the
performance objectives and accompanying technical data
in ASCE 41 responded to the general interest in PBSD and
have been used for the design of new buildings to achieve
higher or more reliable performance objectives than
perceived available from prescriptive code provisions.
ASCE 41 is considered to represent the first generation of
performance-based seismic design procedures.
history
A crucial catalyst for this interest has been the
Vision 2000 document, (OES, 1995) prepared by
the Structural Engineers Association of
California.
The core of this document is the selection of
seismic performance objectives defined as the
coupling of expected performance level with
expected levels of seismic ground motions.
In this documents Four performance levels are
defined
Performance level
Fully Operational. Facility continues in
operation with negligible damage.
Operational. Facility continues in
operation with minor damage and minor
disruption in essential services
Life Safe. Life safety is substantially
protected, damage is moderated to
extensive.
Near Collapse. Life safety is at risk,
damage is severe, structural collapse is
prevented.
Earthquake
Earthquake design
level
Recurrence interval
Probability of
exceedance
Frequent
43 years
50% in 30 years
Occasional
72 years
50% in 50 years
Rare
475 years
10% in 50 years
Very rare
970 years
Extermely rare
2500 years
2% in 50 years
Safety critical
facilities
Essesntial /
hazardous
facilities
Basic facilities
Frequent
Fully
operational
Fully
operational
Fully
operational
Occasional
Fully
operational
Fully
operatiional
Operational
Rare
Fully
operational
Operational
Life safe
Vary rare
Operational
Life safe
near collapse
Flow chart
Overall Damage
General
Nonstructural
Components
Comparison with
performance
intended for
Collapse
Life Safety
Immediate
Operational
Prevention
Level
Occupancy
Level
Level
Severe
Moderate
Little residual
Some residual
stiffness and
strength and
strength, but load
stiffness left in all
bearing columns and stories. Gravity-loadwalls function. Large bearing elements
permanent drifts.
function. No out-ofSome exits blocked. plane failure of walls
Infills and unbraced or tipping of
parapets failed or at parapets. Some
incipient failure.
permanent drift.
Building is near
Damage to Building
collapse.
may be beyond
economical repair.
Extensive
Falling hazards
mitigated but many
damage.
architectural,
mechanical, and
electrical systems
are damaged
Significantly more
Somewhat more
damage and greater damage and slightly
risk.
higher risk.
Level
Light
No permanent drift.
Structure
substantially retains
original strength and
stiffness. Minor
cracking of facades,
partitions, and
ceilings as well as
structural elements.
Elevators can be
restarted. Fire
protection operable.
Very Light
No permanent drift;
structuresubstantiall
y retains original
strength and
stiffness.Minor
cracking of facades,
partitions, and
ceilings as well as
structural elements.
All Systems
important to normal
operation are
functional.
Equipment and
Negligible damage
contents are
occurs. Power and
generally secure, but other utilities are
may not operate due available, possibly
to mechanical failure from Stand by source
or lack of utilities
Somewhat more
Much less damage
damage and slightly and lower risk.
higher risk.
Advantages of PBSD
Performance-based seismic design can be used to:
Design individual buildings with a higher level of confidence that the
performance intended by present building codes will be achieved.
Design individual buildings that are capable of meeting the performance
intended by present building codes, but with lower construction costs.
Design individual buildings to achieve higher performance (and lower
potential losses) than intended by present building codes.
Assess the potential seismic performance of existing structures and
estimate potential losses in the event of a seismic event.
Assess the potential performance of current prescriptive code requirements
for new buildings, and serve as the basis for improvements to code-based
seismic design criteria so that future buildings can perform more
consistently and reliably.
technology used to implement performance-based seismic design is
transferable, and can be adapted for use in performance-based design for
other extreme hazards including fire, wind, flood, snow, blast, and terrorist
attack.
Performance level
Performance level