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(Course 25741)
Chapter Two
TRANSFORMERS
continued
VP , pu VS , FL , pu
VS , FL , pu
F . L.
100%
VP
VS Req I S jX eq I S
a
P.F. leading
VP/ a > VS
VP / a > VS
V.R. > 0
V.R. >0 (smaller)
Leading P.F.
VS > VP/ a
V.R. < 0
x100%
Pin
Pout
x100%
Pout Ploss
Losses in Transformer:
1- Copper IR losses
2- Core Hysteresis losses
3- Core Eddy current losses
Transformer efficiency may be determined as follows:
VS I S cos
x100%
PCu Pcore VS I S cos
POC= 50 W
PSC= 160 W
I OC
0.21
84
84 9.13 10 5 84
VOC
2300
0.0000095 j 0.0000908
11k
0.0000908
RC
XM
PSC
160
cos 1
55.4
VSC I SC
47 6
VSC
47
SC
55.4 7.83355.4
I SC
6
4.45 j 6.45
Req=4.45 , Xeq=6.45
AUTO TRANSFORMER
some occasions it is desirable to change
voltage level only by a small amount
i.e. may need to increase voltage from 110 to
120 V or from 13.2 to 13.8 kV
This may be due to small increase in voltage
drop that occur in a power system with long
lines
In such cases it is very expensive to hire a two
full winding transformer, however a special
transformer called: auto-transformer can be
used
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Diagram of a step-up auto-transformer shown
in figure below:
C: common, SE: series
AUTO TRANSFORMER
A step-down auto-transformer :
IH=ISE
IL=ISE+IC
AUTO TRANSFORMER
In step-up autotransformer:
VC / VSE = NC / NSE
(1)
NC IC = NSE ISE
(2)
voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages
as follows:
VL=VC
(3)
VH=VC+VSE
(4)
current in coils are related to terminal currents:
IL=IC+ISE
(5)
IH=ISE
(6)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
AUTO TRANSFORMER
And :
Sin=Sout=SIO
Apparent power of transformer windings:
SW= VCIC=VSE ISE
This apparent power can be reformulated:
SW= VCIC=VL(IL-IH) =VLIL-VLIH
employing Eq.(8) SW= VLIL-VLIL NC/(NSE+NC)
=VLIL [(NSE+NC)-NC] /(NSE+NC)=SIO NSE /(NSE+NC)
SIO / SW = (NSE+NC) / NSE
(9)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Eq.(9); describes apparent power rating advantage of
autotransformer over a conventional transformer
smaller the series winding the greater the advantage
AUTO TRANSFORMER
(a) what is the secondary voltage of transformer
(b) what is its maximum voltampere rating in this
mode of operation
(c) determine the rating advantage of this
autotransformer connection over transformers
rating of conventional 120/12 V operation
Solution: NC/NSE= 120/12 (or 10:1)
(a) using Eq.(7),VH= (12+120)/120 x 120 = 132 V
(b) maximum VA rating 100 VA
ISE,max=100/12=8.33 A
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Sout=VSIS=VHIH= 132 x 8.33 = 1100 VA = Sin
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer
Another disadvantage: effective per unit
impedance of an autotransformer w.r.t. the
related conventional transformer is the
reciprocal of power advantage
This is a disadvantage where the series
impedance is required to limit current flows
during power system faults (S.C.)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Example three:
A transformer rated 1000 kVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz
when used as a two winding conventional
transformer and its series resistance &
reactance are 1 and 8 percent per unit
It is used as a 13.2/12 kV autotransformer
(a) what is now the transformers rating ?
(b) what is the transformers series impedance
in per unit?
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Solution:
(a) NC/NSE= 12/1.2 (or 10:1) the voltage ratio of
autotransformer is 13.2/12 kV & VA rating :
SIO=(1+10)/1 x 1000 kVA=11000 kVA
(b) transformers impedance in per-unit when
connected as conventional transformer:
Zeq=0.01 + j 0.08 pu
Power advantage of autotransformer is 11, so
its per unit impedance would be:
Zeq=(0.01+j0.08)/11=0.00091+j0.00727 pu