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Objectives
Review past and current source
sampling methods for PM
emission rates and source
profiles
Illustrate recent testing
protocols for dilution sampling
systems
Compliance:
Determine that in-use processes are within permitted
values (e.g., vehicle smog tests, periodic stack tests,
opacity tests)
Emissions trading:
Relate actual emissions to allowances (e.g., continuous
SO2 monitors).
Emission inventories:
Real-world emissions for pollution planning.
Source apportionment:
Speciated emissions for source and receptor modeling.
Emissions Model
Component i emissions fluxes =
ij fraction of component i in source j
x
j
activity of source j
[control efficiency]
[temporal profile]
0.001
Chemical Compound
100
Coal-firedPowerPlant
0.1
0.01
0.1
Abundance(%)
0.01
0.001
0.001
Chemical Compound
Chemical Compound
Chloride
Nitrate
Sulfate
Ammonium
Sol. Potas
OrganicCarbon
Ele.Carbon
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosporus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Strontium
Lead
Lead
Strontium
Bromine
Selenium
Arsenic
Zinc
Copper
Nickel
Iron
Manganese
Chromium
Vanadium
Titanium
Calcium
Potassium
Chlorine
Sulfur
Phosporus
Silicon
A luminum
Ele. Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sol. Potas
Ammonium
Sulfate
Nitrate
Chloride
10
Vehicle Exhaust
10
10
0.001
Chloride
Nitrate
Sulfate
Ammonium
Sol.Potas
OrganicCarbon
Ele.Carbon
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosporus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Strontium
Lead
Abundance(%)
10
Chloride
Nitrate
Sulfate
Ammonium
Sol.Potas
OrganicCarbon
Ele. Carbon
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosporus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Calcium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Strontium
Lead
Abundance(%)
Abundance (%)
100
PM Source Profiles
100
WoodBurning
0.1
0.01
100
RoadDust
0.1
0.01
ChemicalCompound
Emissions Rates/Factors
(PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, NH3)
Existing gridded inventories:
specialized modeling studies
Emissions factor models:
http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/models.htm
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/
Continuous emission monitors:
http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/edata.html
Large point sources:
http://www.epa.gov/airsweb/
Light-medium
commercial/industrial:
Census, stock listings
Large point sources:
Census, production records
Source Characterization
Measurement Methods
Laboratory suspension:
Dust or residue samples resuspended in laboratory chamber.
Source-dominated sampling:
Samples taken at locations and times when a single source
dominates ambient concentrations.
Vehicle dynamometer testing:
Simulate driving cycles on fixed roller.
Vehicle on-road testing: Roadside or tunnel, integrated or
individual vehicle samples
Diluted duct sampling:
Samples drawn into aging chamber and cooled with clean air.
Source-Dominated Sampling
Unpaved Road Dust Emissions
TRAKER Measurements
Location of inlets
(right side and
background shown).
Source-Dominated Sampling
(Cooking)
Real-World Cooking
Simulated Cooking
Source-Dominated Sampling
(Vehicle Exhaust)
Roadside sampling
Diesel exhaust
sampling
Estimate Vehicle
Exhaust Emission Rate
Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscope measures CO2,
CO, NO2, NO, and propane.
Correlation of pollutants
with CO2 yields fuel-based
emissions factors.
Real-time particle counters
(e.g., Grimm 1.108) can
quantify particles between
0.3 to 1.8 m at 1-sec
resolution.
TRANSMITTER
Lic #
Backscattered
Light
Exhaust
Plume
RECEIVER
DATA
ACQUISITION
Terminus
Plate
Organic extraction
Filterable PM
Titration of inorganic
fraction
Analysis:
Evaporation of rinses
Gravimetric analysis
Range of chemical
speciation techniques
is limited due to high
temperatures,
moisture, interfering
particles & gases
EPA Methods PRE4 & 202
T T
lb/MMBtu
0.014
In-Stack
Methods
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
Dilution Method
0.002
0
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
AP42
Dilution Sampling of
Emissions from Meat Cooking
PM10
Cyclone
Probe
Stack
Gas
HEPA
Filter
Carbon
Filter
Flow Control
Flow meter
Rotameter
Pump
Venturi
PM2.5
Cyclones
Residence
Time
Chamber
Stainless steel
Cross-flow jet mixing
RH
To Sample
Collection
Trains
dp
1.0
Nucleation/
reactions from
binder
Shakeout (15min)
Pouring
0.1
Shakeout (15min)
12.5
B
7
3
A
28
Inner Diameter
A: 1.875 in
B: 5.875 in
C: 8.375 in
8.5
C
Conclusions
Road dust emission potential can be measured
continuously.
Mobile emissions are more accurate from onroad sensing of many vehicles than from
dynamometer testing of a few vehicles.
Dilution sampling provides more accurate
estimates of PM stack emission rates than hot
stack and impinger samples.
Chemical source profiles should be measured
with emission rates.