Heat transfer

Nu x f x*, Re x , Pr
Nu x f Re x , Pr

Mass transfer
Sh x f x*, Re x , Sc
Sh x f Re x , Sc

Two approaches
1. Experimental or empirical approach
2. Theoretical approach (solving the boundary layer
equations for a particular geometry

Nu L C Re mL Pr n

Experiment for measuring the average convection

heat transfer coefficient

(5.1)

Dimensionless representation of convection heat

transfer measurements
Film temperature

Ts T
2

(5.2)

Sh L C Re mL Sc n

(5.3)

Tf

h x
Nu x x 0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
k

Pr 0.6

5.0
5x

u / x
Re x

(5.4)

C f , x 0.664 Re x1 / 2

(5.5)

(5.6)
hm , x x
Sh x
0.332 Re1x/ 2 Sc1 / 3
D AB

Sc 0.6

(5.7)

C f , x 1.328 Re x1 / 2
Nu x

hx x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
k

Sh x

(5.8)

Pr 0.6

hm , x x
0.664 Re1x/ 2 Sc1 / 3
D AB

(5.9)
Sc 0.6

(5.10)

For fluid of small Prandtl number, namely liquid metal:

Nu x 0.565Pe1x/ 2

Pr 0.05

Pe x 100

(5.11)

Single correlating equation, which applies for all Prandtl number:

0.3387 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3
Nu x
[1 ( 0.0468 / Pr) 2 / 3 ]1 / 4
with Nu x 2Nu x .

Pe x 100

(5.12)

C f , x 0.0592 Re x1 / 5
Nu x St Re x Pr 0.0296 Re 4x/ 5 Pr 1 / 3

Re x ,c Re x 108

(5.13)

0.6 Pr 60

0.37 x Re x1 / 5

(5.14)
(5.15)

Sh x St m Re x Sc 0.0296 Re 4x/ 5 Sc1 / 3

0.6 Sc 3000

(5.16)

Expressions for the average coefficients may now be determined. However,

since the turbulent boundary layer is generally preceded by a laminar
boundary layer, we first consider mixed boundary layer conditions.

L
1 1xc/ 3
h

h
dx

Nu L (0.037 Re LA) LPr0 lam

xc hturb dx
where
it isassumed
that transition
occurs abruptly at x = xc.
Pr 60
0.6

4/ 5
L

(5.17)

Re x,c Re L 10
8

C f , L 0.074 Re L1 / 5

Re

x,c

2A
Re L

Re L 108

Sh L ( 0.037 Re 4L/ 5 A)Sc1 / 3

0.6 Sc 60

(5.18)

8
Re x,c Re L 10

For a completely turbulent boundary layer (Rex = 0), A = 0.

For a transition Reynolds number of Rex,c = 5x105, A =871.

(5.19)

Nu x

Nu x 0
[1 ( / x ) 3 / 4 ]1 / 3

(5.20)

For laminar flow

where Nu x 0 is given by equation 5.6.
For turbulent flow

Nu x

Nu x 0

[1 ( / x )

where Nu x 0 is given by equation 5.15.

9 / 10 1 / 9

(5.21)

Analogous mass transfer results are obtained by replacing (Nux, Pr) with (Shx, Sc).

Nu L Nu L 0

L
[1 ( / L)( p1) /( p 2 ) ] p /( p1)
L

(5.22)

where p = 2 for laminar flow and p = 8 for turbulent flow.

The quantity Nu L 0 is the average Nusselt number for a plate of length L when
heating starts at the leading edge of the plate.

For laminar flow

Nu x 0.453 Re1x/ 2 Pr 1 / 3

For turbulent flow

Nu x 0.0308 Re 4x/ 5 Pr 1 / 3

Pr 0.6

0.6 Pr 60

(5.23)
(5.24)

If the heat flux is known, the convection coefficient may be used to determine the
local surface temperature

Total heat rate

qs
Ts ( x ) T
hx

q qsAs

Average surface temperature

(5.25)

1 L
qs L x
(Ts T ) (Ts T )dx
dx
L 0
L 0 kNu x

where Nux is obtained from appropriate convection correlation. From eq. (5.23)
qL
1 L
(Ts T ) (Ts T ) s
(5.26)
L 0
kNu L

Nu L 0.680 Re1L/ 2 Pr 1 / 3

(5.27)

u x
stagnation point
x

boundary layer

wake

separation point

u x
stagnation point
x

boundary layer

P
0
x

wake

separation point

P
0
x

u x

separation point
flow reversal

boundary layer

wake

v
Re D 2 10

separation

transition

separation

laminar boundary layer

wake

wake

Re D 2 105
turbulent boundary layer

FD form FD friction
FD
CD

2
V
V2

Af

Af
2
2

wake

wake

Friction Drag
ReD < 2
Separation effects negligible

wake

Form or Pressure Drag

wake

100
wake

10

wake

CD

cylinder
1

sphere
.1
10-1

10 0

101

10 2

Re D

10 3

vD

104

105

106

Re > 1x105
Two minima

Stagnation Point

Nu D 0 1.15 Re D

Overall Average

Nu D

1/ 2

Pr 1 / 3

hD
C Re mD Pr 1 / 3
k

Pr 0.6

(5.28)

Pr 0.7

(5.29)

Table 5.1
C and m from
Tables
Properties
evaluated at film
temperature

Table 5.2 Constant of Eq. 5.29 for noncircular cylinders in cross flow of a gas

hD
m
n Pr

Nu D
C Re D Pr
k
Prs
0.7 Pr 500

C and m from Tables

1/ 4

(5.30)

Properties evaluated at free stream

temperature except Prs
Prs evaluated at the surface

1 Re D 106

Pr<10 n=0.37
Pr>10 n=0.36

ReD
1 to 40
40-1000
103-2x105
2x105-106

C
0.75
0.51
0.26
0.076

m
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

Table 5.3

Nu D 0.3

0.62 Re

1/ 2
D

Pr

1/ 3

1 0.4 / Pr
2/ 3

Re D
1

1/ 4
282,000

4/ 5

5/ 8

(5.31)

Nu D by Sh D and Pr by Sc.

Recommended for ReD Pr > 0.2

Properties evaluated at film temperature
No Tables
Finally, we note that by invoking the heat and mass transfer analogy, Equations 5.28
through 5.31 may be applied to problems involving convection mass transfer from a
cylinder in cross flow. It is simply a matter of replacing

Air at 100 kPa and 35oC flows across a 50-mm-diameter cylinder at a

velocity of 50 m/s. The cylinder surface is maintained at a temperature
of 150oC. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of the cylinder.
We first calculate the Reynolds number and then find the
applicable constants from Table 5.1 for use with Eq. 5.29.

Properties

150 35

Air T f
92.5o C 365.5o K :
2

P
1.0132 105

0.966 kg/m 3
RT ( 287)( 365.5)
W
k 0.0312 0
m K
2.14 10 5 kg/m s
Pr 0.695

Re f

Du (0.966)(0.05)(50)
5

1
.
129

10

2.14 10 5

From Table 5.1

From Eq. 5.29

C 0.027

m 0.805

hD
(0.027 )(1.129 105 )0.805 (0.695)1 / 3 279.3
kf

( 279.3)(0.0312)
174.3 W/m 2 o C
0.05

The heat transfer per unit length is therefore

q
h D(Ts T ) (174.3) (0.05)(150 35) 3150 W/m
L

Nu D 2 0.4 Re1D/ 2 0.06 Re 2D/ 3 Pr 0.4

1/ 4

(5.32)

0.71 Pr 380
3.5 Re D 7.6 104
1 ( / s ) 3.2

All properties evaluated at T , except s

freely falling liquid droplets

24
CD
Re D

Re D 0.5

limit as Re D 0

Nu D 2 0.6 Re1D/ 2 Pr 1 / 3

Nu D 2

Air at 100 kPa and 27oC blows across a 12-mm-diameter sphere at a free
stream velocity of 4 m/s. A small heater inside the sphere maintains
the surface temperature at 77oC. Calculate the heat lost by the sphere.

Properties
Air
P 100 kPa
u 4 m/s
T 27 o C

Air T 300o K :
W
m 0 K
15.69 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 0.708
k 0.02624

D 12 mm

Ts 77 o C

1.8462 10 5 kg/m s
Air Tw 350o K :

s 2.075 10 5 kg/m s

Re D

(4)(0.012)
3059
6
15.69 10

From Eq. 5.32

Nu D 2 0.4( 3059)1 / 2 0.06( 3059) 2 / 3

0.4 1.8462
(0.708)

2.075

1/ 4

31.4
h

( 31.4)(0.02624)
68.66 W/m 2 o C
0.012

The heat transfer is then

q h 4R 2 (Ts T ) (68.66)4 (0.006) 2 (77 27) 1.553 W

Cross flow over

the tube bank

Internal flow through the tubes

Note:
Aligned
Staggered
Transverse Pitch ST
Longitudinal Pitch SL

ST

v , T

A1

D
SL

SL

SD
ST

v , T
A2

A1

A1
A2

N L 10
2000 Re D ,max 40,000

Nu D C1 Re mD ,max

ST

v , T

A1

Pr 0.7

(5.33)

Re D ,max

D
SL

vmax D

S T /D
1.25

S L /D
Aligned
1.25
1.5
2
3
Staggered
0.6
0.9
1
1.125
1.25
1.5

1.5

C1

C1

C1

C1

0.348
0.367
0.418
0.29

0.592
0.586
0.57
0.601

0.275
0.25
0.299
0.357

0.608
0.62
0.602
0.584

0.1
0.101
0.229
0.374

0.704
0.702
0.632
0.581

0.0633
0.0678
0.198
0.286

0.752
0.744
0.648
0.608

0.518
0.451

0.556
0.568

0.497
0.505
0.46

0.558
0.554
0.562

0.446
0.478
0.519
0.452

0.571
0.565
0.556
0.568

0.213
0.401
0.518
0.522
0.488

0.636
0.581
0.56
0.562
0.568

Table 5.4

Nu D 1.13C1 Re mD ,max Pr 1 / 3

(5.34)

N L 10
2000 Re D ,max 40,000
Pr 0.7
vmax D
Re D ,max

Note:
Factor Airflow by 1.13 Pr1/3
Properties evaluated at film temperature

Nu D

N L 10

C 2 Nu D

(5.35)

N L 10

Table 5.5
Correction Factor C 2
NL

Aligned
Staggered

0.64
0.68

0.8
0.75

0.87
0.83

0.9
0.89

0.92
0.92

0.94
0.95

0.96
0.97

0.98
0.98

0.99
0.99

Note:
Maximum velocity occurs in the plane
of the tubes
It differs for aligned or staggered tubes

ST

v , T

A1
D
SL

vmax

Mass conservation
Staggered

ST
v
ST D

(5.36)

2 S D D ST D

A2

v , T

A1
A2

vmax

ST
v
2 S D D
At A2

(5.37)

vmax

ST
v
ST D

At A1

N L 20
0.7 Pr 500
1000 Re D ,max 2 106

Table 5.6
Note:
Use Table for C and m
Properties evaluated at
inlet fluid temperature
except Prs
It differs for aligned or
staggered tubes

m
0.36 Pr

Nu D C Re D ,max Pr
Prs

1/ 4

(5.38)

m
0.36 Pr

Nu D C Re D ,max Pr
Prs

N L 20
0.7 Pr 500
1000 Re D ,max 2 106

If NL < 20
Use correction to previous relation

Nu D

N L 20

1/ 4

C 2 Nu D

N L 20

(5.39)

Table 5.7
Correction Factor C 2
NL

10

13

16

Aligned
Staggered

0.7
0.64

0.8
0.76

0.86
0.84

0.9
0.89

0.92
0.92

0.95
0.95

0.97
0.97

0.98
0.98

0.99
0.99

In general heat transfer is enhanced by a more tortuous flow

ST
0.7
SL

is undesirabl e for aligned tubes

Log Mean Temperature Difference

Ts Ti Ts To
Tlm
ln Ts Ti / Ts To

(5.40)

To outlet temperature estimated from

Ts To

DN
h

exp

Ts Ti

vN
S
c
T
T
p

(5.41)

T Ts -T temperature difference in Newton' s Law of Cooling

N is the total number of tubes in the bank.
NT is the number of tubes in the transverse plane.

q N h DTlm

(5.42)

N is the total number of tubes in the bank

2
vmax

f
P N L
2

Friction factor f
Correction factor

(5.43)

2
vmax

f
P N L
2

Friction factor f
Correction factor
10

10

SL
S
PL L
D
ST
PT
D

103
Re D ,max

106

1.0
ST

0.1

PT PL

0.1

1.0

10

PT 1 / PL 1

PL 1.25
1.5
2.0
2.5

.1
10

10 2

10 3

10 4

Re D ,max

10 5

106

2
v max
P N L
2

Friction factor f
Correction factor

PT 1.25

10

1.5

Re D ,max

SD

PT / PL

S D ST

2.0
2.5

.1
10

10 2

10 3

10 4

Re D ,max

10 5

106

A pressurized water unit is used as a space heater. It consists of a tube

bundle with hot water flowing through the tubes. Air is blown over the
tubes to extract the energy. The tubes are arranged in a staggered array
and the exterior tube diameters are 16.4 mm. The longitudinal and
transverse pitches are SL= 34.3 mm and ST=31.3 mm, respectively. There
are seven rows with eight tubes in each as shown. The temperature of
the tube surface is 70oC and the inlet air temperature is 15oC. The air is
moving with a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the air side convection
coefficient, the rate of heat transfer and the pressure drop through the
bundle.
Air
v 6 m/s

Water
D 16.4 mm

Ti T 15 o C

Tw 70o C

ST 31.3 mm

S L 34.3 mm

Air
v 6 m/s

Water
D 16.4 mm

Ti T 15o C

Ts 70o C

ST 31.3 mm

S L 34.3 mm

Air T 15o C :

1.217 kg/m 3
c p 1007 J/kg K
W
m 0 K
14.82 106 m 2 /s
Pr 0.710
k 0.0253

Air Ts 70o C :
Pr 0.701
Air T f 43 C :
o

17.4 10 6 m 2 /s
W
k 0.0274 0
m K
Pr 0.705

From Eq. 5.38, the air-side Nusselt number is

Nu D C Re

m
D ,max

Pr

0.36

Pr

Prs

1/ 4

Since S D [ S L2 ( ST / 2) 2 ]1 / 2 37.7 mm
is greater than ( ST D ) / 2

The maximum velocity

occurs on the transverse plane, A1. Hence from Eq.5.36

vmax

ST
31.3 mm
v
6 m/s 12.6 m/s
ST D
(31.3 - 16.4) mm

Re D ,max

vmax D 12.6 0.0164

13,943
6

14.82 10

and

ST 31.3

0.91 2
S L 34.3

it follows from Table 5.6 and 5.7 that

ST

C 0.35
SL

1/ 5

0.34, m 0.6 and C 2 0.95

0.60
0.36 0.710
Nu D 0.95 0.34(13,943) (0.71)

0.701

h Nu D

1/ 4

k
0.0253
87.9
135.6 W/m 2 K
D
0.0164

From Eq. 5.41

DNh

Ts To (Ts Ti ) exp

vN
S
c
T
T
p

87.9

 (0.0164)(56)(135.6)

Ts To ( 55) exp
44.5o C
(1.217 )(6)(8)(0.0313)(1007 )
Hence from Eq.5.40

Ts Ti Ts To
55 44.5
Tlm

49.6o C
ln Ts Ti / Ts To ln( 55 / 44.5)
and

q N h DTlm 56 135.6 0.0164 49.6 19.4 kW/m

The pressure drop may be obtained from Eq.5.43
2
vmax

f
P N L
2

With Re 13,943, PT ( ST / D ) 1.91, and ( PT / PL ) 0.91

 1.04 and f 0.35

Hence with NL = 7

(1.217 )(12.6) 2
0.35 246 N/m 2
P 7 1.04
2

Comments:
1. With properties evaluated at Tf, it is readily found that ReD,max = 11,876.
With ST/D = 2 and SL/D = 2, it follows from Tables 5.4 and 5.5 that C1 = 0.482,
m = 0.556, and C2 = 0.97. From Eqs. 5.34 and 5.35, NuD = 86.7, and h = 144.8
W/m2 K. Values of h obtained from Eqs. 5.34 and 5.38 therefore agree to
within 7%, which is well within their uncertainties.
2. Had T = Ts - Ti been used in lieu of Tlm in Eq. 5.42, the heat rate would
have been overpredicted by 11%.

Gas flow in a bed of spheres

j H jm 2.06 Re

0.575
D

Pr(or Sc ) 0.7
90 Re 4000

(5.44)

j H and jm are the Colburn j factors defined by j H StPr 2/3 and jm St m Sc 2/3
Note:
Properties evaluated at
arithmetic mean of the
fluid temperatures
entering and leaving the
bed

If the particles are at a uniform temperature Ts

q h Ap ,t Tlm

(5.45)
From Eq. 5.40

where Ap,t is the total surface area of the particles

To outlet temperature estimated from

h A p ,t
Ts To

exp

Ts Ti
VAc ,b c p

where Ac,b is the bed cross-sectional area

(5.46)