Terminal

Buildings
Site selection, Facilities,
Aprons, Parking systems,
Gate positions

Terminal Area

The transition of passengers and goods from ground to

air and reverse occurs in terminal area using different
methods

Berthing, servicing and storage of aircrafts is done in

terminal area

Terminal building is the key feature of terminal area

Mainly used for passengers, staff and administrative

management

May include operational activities like control tower,

weather bureau etc.

Facilities Provided

Depend on class, characteristics and functional

role which may be
Originating-terminating station
Thorough station
Transfer station
The facilities vary considerably in magnitude
and form for above groups
In general all facilities and services one could
expect from a big city are available into terminal
building

Sample List of Services

Bank with exchange facilities and 24 hr. service

Bath or shower for refreshing and cleaning
Newspaper and book shop in various languages
Cloak rooms and lockers for temp storage
General Information desk & tourists office
Medical unit, first aid and medicine shop
Post office, telephone booth, fax facility
Rest room, restaurant, snack bar, sauna bath, massage,
beauty parlor
Space for customs, immigration , checking and examination of
passengers, crew, baggage etc.
Space for nursing mothers, shops for toys, gifts

Planning systems

Centralized system

All the passengers, baggage

and cargo are routed thru
central location and then
passed on to respective
aircraft locations

Decentralized system

Passenger facilities are

arranged in smaller unit and
repeated in one or more
buildings. All airline functions
are carried out adjacent to
the departing plane

Types of parking system

Decentralized

centralized or Unit
Terminal Principal
Each

individual
airline operation is
centralized. It is the
combination of both
the systems

Unit terminal principal

Advantages

Centralization of amenities

Expansion

Units can be added if need arises, without interfering the use of

existing facilities

Initial cost

Amenities required by limited no of passengers are centralized in a

separate building which helps in separation of domestic and
international traffic

Kept minimum and will not be wasted when expansion takes place

Parallel runways

Fits exceptionally well for modern runway patterns for large airports

Site selection of terminal

building

Should be centrally located w.r.t. runways

have convenient access to highways
Have enough provision for expansion
Favorable orientation w.r.t. wind, topography etc
Adequate space for parking of vehicles
Easy and natural drainage
Utilities (water, electricity, telephone) should be easily
available

Typical layout

Space Requirement

Depends on level of service desired and requirements of

specific design
FAA indicates that gross terminal area requirement between
7.43 to 11.15 sq m per 1000 annual enplaned passengers
Approximate % of space for various purposes as per FAA
are
Airline operations . . . . 38 %
Airport Administration . . .
17 %
Public space . . . .
30 %
Utilities, shops etc. . . . . .
15 %
Total:
100%

Parking of vehicles

For large airports separate parking is provided for passengers,

visitors, employees and taxis. For small airports all may be
combined at one location
3 types of parking are
Short term: very near to terminal building, 3 hr or less,
trolleys for carrying baggage
Long term: slightly away from main building, rents are
usually discounted
Remote: faraway from main terminal, provisions made for
carrying baggage, rents are most economical
Area as per FAA : 1.5 to 2.0 cars per peak hour volume of
passengers
Parking type: parallel, angled (450-600), right angled

Size of Apron

Depends on 3 factors
Gate position
Number of gates
System of aircraft parking
Gate denotes the aircraft parking space adjacent to
terminal building used by a single aircraft for loading
and unloading of passenger, baggage and cargo. Its
size depends on
Size of aircraft: physical dimensions, space for
maneuvering, size of servicing equipment
Type of parking: nose in, nose out, angled, parallel

Types of parking

Nose in: low noise, easy loading, small area, no blast

toward building
Nose out: effective use of rear door, less power for
movement, noise and blast toward bldg.
Angled: movement on own power, high noise and jet blast,
larger area required
Parallel: easiest movement, both doors used, largest area,
noise and hot blast towards adjacent gates

Number of gates

Depend on estimated peak hour volume

Should not exceed the runway capacity
Gate occupancy time
Size of aircraft
Type of operation
Gate capacity analysis
Gate time demanded by aircraft should be
less than or equal to gate time supplied for
each aircraft

Systems of aircraft parking

Frontal
Easy

system

access, short walking distance, suitable for

3 to 6 aircrafts

Systems of aircraft parking

Open

apron or
transporter system
No

of rows, long
distance, vehicles
required for
passengers, flexible,
low cost, easy
expansion, easy
movement and
servicing, delays

Systems of aircraft parking

Pier

or finger system

Straight, T or Y shaped
piers with gates around.
Economical, expansion
possible, long walking
distance

Satellite

system

Isolated in small buildings

placed around and
connected, easy
movement of aircrafts,
common facilities for all,
high cost, discomfort to
passengers, lack flexibility

Hangers

Function is to provide enclosure for housing and

repairing of aircraft
Constructed of steel framework covered by
sheet roofing
Service hangar provided with machine shop and
spare part stores
Size depends on size of aircraft and its turning
radius
Number of storage and service hangars depend
on demand and peak hour traffic intensity

Types of storage and service

Hangars

Nose hangars
Provided for large aircrafts and enclose only forward
portion of the aircraft and tail area remains uncovered
Comfortable working conditions for servicing and engine
overhaul of aircraft, economically

Types of storage and service

hangars
T hangars

Provided for small size

aircraft
Area should be large
enough to accommodate
different types of aircraft
with minimum clearance of
30 m
In a row layout C/C
distance should be 22.5
and 37.5 for one way and
two way traffic

Requirement of hangars

Should be located conveniently w.r.t. aprons and

terminal building
Linked with essential facilities like water,
electricity, drainage, telephone
Should have enough space for storage and
working personnel
Should have adequate scope for future expansion
Should have proper topography, natural drainage
and not oriented in the direction of wind storms

Protection from jet blasts

Jet blast is inconvenient, discomfort able and

even injurious to passengers and moving vehicles
May cause damage to building, equipment and
pavement surface
To control the hazardous effects two methods are
used
Blast fences: curve vane single or multiple to
divert the smoke fumes heat and
Erosion control: bituminous surfacing, stone
pitching, turfing etc. to protect the areas

Blast Fence

Typical airport layouts

Depends mainly on configuration of runways

Other elements are correlated such that
smooth flow, minimum travel distance for
vehicles, aircraft and passengers
Maximum functional efficiency with minimum
space utilization
Adequate loading aprons, terminal facilities
Visibility for control tower, economic in cost
and operations
Scope for future expansion

Layouts Types

Thank you !!!