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Interferometry Concepts
Interference
Intensity
Visibility
Optical Path Length [OPL]
Optical Path Difference [OPD]
Coherence:
Spatial coherence
Temporal coherence
Where under certain conditions a pattern of dark and light bars called interference
fringes can be produced. Fringes can be analyzed to present accurate
measurements in the range of nanometer.
The recent developments in laser, fiber optics and digital processing techniques
stars.
Light waves
For many centuries, light was considered a stream of particles .
Light wave exhibits various behaviours which can not interpreted
EM-wave propagation
Interference
Interference is a light phenomenon .It
Y = y1 + y2
Where:
A1=A2=A then:
A=2A^2+2A^2 cos (1 2)
If
OPL = d
OPL = n d
intensity.
OPD = m
Here, If m=0 or any integer values there will be a
I=A^2
=0
I max = I1 + I2 +2(I1I2)^1/2
if I1=I2 then
I max=4I
=
I min = I1 + I2 2(I1I2)^1/2
if I1=I2 then
When
I min=0
It is defined as:
V= 1
V= 0
[ 0 V1 ].
Coherence
Coherence of light wave is defined as the correlation
Temporal coherence:
The correlation between the electric fields at the same
point but at different times.
Temporal coherence proportionate to the wave train
length. Monochromatic sources such as laser have a high
degree of temporal coherence, because of the long wave
trains.
Coherence Length: S = N .
where N is the waves number contained in one wave train.
Coherence time :t = S / C
where C is the light speed in space .
Interferometers classifications:
wave front division interferometers
Amplitude division interferometer
Popular configurations:
Michelson interferometer
Twyman-Green interferometer
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Fapry-Perot interferometer
Interferometer
Interferometer:
Amplitude-division interferometers:
Michelson interferometer
Configuration:
Twyman-Green interferometer
Configuration:
A modified configuration of Michelson
Work method:
When the interferometer aligned properly, two images
of the light source S from the two mirrors M1&M2 will
coincide. The superposed waves are parallel and have a
constant phase difference. On the serene a uniform
illumination can be seen with a constant intensity
depends on the path difference.
Mach-Zehnder interferometer
Configuration:
consists of a light source, a detector, two mirrors to control the
beams directions and two beam splitters to split and recombine
the incident beam.
Advantages& disadvantages:
high sensitivity to wave length changes. (used in laser to select
wave length)
High resolution fringes (used in optical spectroscopy)
Applications:
measure or control the light wave lengths e.g. in laser as a resonator to
select a single wave length. optical spectroscopy .
Work method:
the beam falls on L1, part of the beam is transmitted to L2, other part is
Triangulation techniques
Time-of-flight systems
Measurement accuracy larger than a 1mm
Coherent methods:
Calculate
2
Adjust
laserto 2
/2
ccd
camera
adjust
s
FTA
IDL
Practicalexample
Iteration1
Estimatedistancemanuallye.g.L=235mm
Estimateerrorrangeandambiguitylength.
e.g.error=2mm,233mmL237mm
S>2*errorrange,tobesay5mm
Adjusttunablelasersourceatarbitrary 1suchas682nmandgrabimage1
Calculate 2: 2= 1/[( 1/S)+1]=681.908nm
Adjusttunablelasersourceat 1=681.908nmandgrabimage2
calculatedusingFTA(itrepresentsafractionofafringe)
Divideambiguityrangeby2so s=2.5mm
Practicalexample
Iteration2
Adjustlaserat 1=681.908nmthenCalculate 2=681.522nm
grabimage3.
calculate betweenimage2&3.
Iteration3
image4isforwavelengths681.15nm.
calculate betweenimage3&4.
Thiswayambiguitydecreasedanderrordecreasedby2hencebetter
accuracy.Itispossibletoconvergeinfewerstepsiftheconfidence
factorishigher.