Peptides to

Proteins

 What are proteins?

Why are proteins important?

How are proteins made?
How do proteins fold?

What are PROTEINS?

Proteins are large, complex molecules
that serve diverse functional and
structural roles within cells.

Proteins are the ACTION FORCE

in the cell.

Enzyme

Defense

Protease

Antibody
Fights
Viruses

Degrades
Protein

Proteins can be functionally classified.

Motion
Actin

Transpor
t
Hemoglobin

Contracts Muscle Fibers

Carries O2

Regulation
Insulin
Controls Blood Glucose

Support
Keratin
Forms Hair
and Nails

Proteins are chains of amino acids.

O
C

OH

Short chains of amino acids are called

peptides.
Proteins are polypeptide molecules that
contain many peptide subunits.

N
H

Amino acids have an amino group,

carboxyl group, R group and hydrogen.
R

NH2

H
Amino Acid 1

COOH

Each amino acid has unique chemical

properties.
Glycine
Histidine

Glutamine

Glutamate

Lysine

Cysteine
Aspartate

Asparagine

Arginine
Isoleucine
Methionine

Serine
Leucine

Proline

Alanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Valine

Tyrosine

Peptide bonds form by

dehydration synthesis
R
R

NH2

H
Amino Acid 1

H N
C
O

OH

C
COOH
H
Amino Acid 2

H2O

R
R

NH2

H
Amino Acid 1

eB
d
i
t
p
Pe

ond

H
Amino Acid 2

COOH

Gene
3

Nucleus

Messenger
Ribonucleic Acid
(mRNA)

Trp
tRNA

Ala
tRNA

Met
Met
Large
Subunit
Ribosome
Met

Amino Acidtransfer
RNA

tRNA

Ala
Empty tRNA

Trp

Empty tRNA

Small Subunit

Cytoplasm

Ribonucleotides

Codon 1

G = Methionine

Codon 3

G = Tryptophan

Codon 2

Codon 4

G = Stop

= Alanine

is the synthesis of proteins in the cell.

Primary

There are 4 basic

Secondary

Tertiar
y

Quaternary

L
V
M

Y
P

The primary structure is the

sequence of amino acids.

R
A
P
D

The secondary structure is primarily composed of

alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
Folding Back and
Coiling

Alpha Helix

Primary Structure

Beta-Pleated Sheet

The tertiary structure is the proteins 3D

shape.

The quaternary structure is the assembly

of folded subunits.

Proteins must reach their final shape to

perform their vital functions
Improperly
Folded
Properly Folded

Summary
Proteins are biological workhorses that
carry out most of the functions within
the cell.
Proteins are large biological molecules
that serve diverse functional and
structural roles within cells.
Proteins are synthesized during the
translation process.

Summary contd
Proteins are composed of amino acids
that are covalently linked by peptide
bonds.
Proteins have four basic levels of
structure. However, proteins must fold
correctly in order to function properly.

THE END!