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Ian Miller
Organization of Discussion
Where
Q is charge
t is time
sodium
atom
sodium
ions
6
5
4
3
2
1
dQ
I
dt
6 atoms
3 seconds
I
B
As heat is added, the molecules move around, absorbing the heat in various
ways:
Precession
Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of
a rotating object.
torque-free
torque-induced
visible
light
radio waves
visible
light
The parts that are missing
were absorbed by the
electrons
E h
Emission
Experiment
Absorption Experiment
The requirement for the
precise amount of energy
needed is quantization
dQ
kQ
dt
k can be
Precession
Occurs when a spinning object experiences a moment out of the
plane of rotation
Net Magnetic
Field (M)
Net Magnetic
Field (M)
B0
Alignment of spins
with the external
magnetic field
Precession,
because the
moment
experienced by the
proton is out of the
plane of rotation
wL
L B0
B0
External Field = B0
No External Field
Single Proton
Population of Protons
Simplification
We cant stop a proton from spinning, so lets simplify our diagram
will now be
will now be
External Field = B0
B0
N
e
E
kT
k = Boltzmann
Constant
100,000
100,000
100,000
Net =
0
100,000
100,000
100,006
B0
1 T, 37C
E h
Understanding Resonance by
Analogy
Simplification
External Field = B0
Weve used B0 enough that we know what it is: a homogeneous external magnetic field
will now be
B0
B0
B0
Lauterburs Insight
Conventional NMR used spectra to make
inferences about local magnetic perturbations
in a uniform magnetic field
If the magnetic field was instead made to vary
with position, then the resonant frequency
spectrum would instead tell you about location
in a uniform population of protons
Great idea
L B0
By varying B0 over the subject, we can choose a frequency
that will only excite a particular part of the subject
Different values of B0
will tune the photons
to require different
energies (w)
If we only give one
frequency of EMF,
only one slice will be
excited
SX
SY
X
Z
Questions?
E h
E h
net
magnetization
vector, M
Z
net
magnetization
vector, M
X
B0
This is what we mean when we say that two
protons are out of phase
B0
Plot A-t
1D FT
by row
FT
by column
Plot A-t
1D FT
by row
FT
by column
protons
the everything
universe else
(spins)(as seen by(the
the physicist)
lattice)
heat
90 Pulse
Z
initial net
magnetization
vector, M0
180 Pulse
Or anything in between
SY
X
Z
This will allow the vector within each voxel (which weve just
learned how to identify) to be measured in x and y
net
magnetization
(M=Mz)
Z
180 Pulse
Mz
t
Z
90 Pulse
net
magnetization
M=Mz
Mxy
t
out of phase
in phase
out of phase
Radiofrequency out
everything else
(the lattice)
Z
Sp
in
re
la
xa
t
io
n
protons
(spins)
heat
T1 relaxation
T2 relaxation
Mz
t
Mxy
t
T2*
Radiofrequency
out
random
effects
static
effects
T1 relaxation
heat
T2
relaxation
T2 Effects
Because the static interactions are static, they can be reversed by the 180
degree pulsation
Z
T2*
static
effects
random
effects
T2 relaxation
T2
relaxation
180
Pulse
Z
180
Pulse
Echo
Another Analogy
Anatomy of a Scanner
Four main hardware components
Main magnet
RF system
Magnetic field gradient system
Computer system.
IV Contrast