Chapter 8

Periodic Properties of the

Elements

Periodic Properties/Trends
Why would we care about the various
trends and properties we observe
throughout the periodic table?

Mendeleevs Periodic Table

Mendeleevs Periodic Table

Arranged the 65 known elements by atomic
mass and by recurrence of various physical
and chemical properties.
The Periodic Table today is very similar but
arranged according to atomic number
(number of protons).
The arrangement led to families of
elements with similar properties and at the
time allowed for the prediction and
properties of elements yet to be discovered.

Eletronic Energy Levels

Electron Configurations
Filling order:
Lowest energy orbitals are filled first

Only two electrons are allowed in

each orbital
Each electron has a different spin

When filling sublevels, fill each

orbital with a single electron first,
then go back and spin pair with a
second electron when necessary

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons in the same atom
can have the same four quantum
numbers
Since the first three quantum
numbers define the orbital, this
means only two electrons can be in
the same orbital and they must have
opposite spins.

Quantum Numbers - Recap

Name

Sy
mb
ol

Permitte
d Values

Prope
rties

princip
al

positive
integers

orbital
energy
(size)

angula
r
mome
ntum

integers
from 0 to
n-1

orbital
shape

magne
tic

ml

integers
from l to
+l

orbital
orienta
tion

spin

ms

+1/2 or
-1/2

directi
on of
e- spin

Hunds Rule
Electrons pair only after each orbital
in a subshell is occupied by a single
electron.

Helium

10

Carbon

11

Orbital Diagrams

Example
Write a set of quantum numbers for
the third electron and a set for the
eighth electron of the F atom.

Orbital Occupancy

Some Outer e- Configurations

Orbital Energies
The Effect of Nuclear Charge, Zeff
Higher nuclear charge lowers orbital energy
(stabilizes the system) by increasing nucleuselectron attractions.

The Effect of Electron Repulsions (Shielding)

Additional electron in the same orbital
Makes less stable
An additional electron raises the orbital energy
through electron-electron repulsions.

Additional electrons in inner orbitals

Makes outer orbital less stable
Inner electrons shield outer electrons more
effectively than do electrons in the same sublevel.

Adding an e- to the Same

Orbital

Other e- in
Inner
Orbitals

Orbital Shape

Radial
Distribution

Radial Probability

Shielding and Penetration

Energy Order

Filling Order

Filling Order

Valence Electrons

Valence Electrons

Electron Configuration of
Ions
Cations formed when electrons are
removed from the highest energy
occupied orbital
Anions formed when electrons are
added to the lowest energy
unoccupied orbital
Transition metals the highest ns
electrons are removed first, even
though they are not the last added
28

Electron Configuration of
Ions

Electron Configuration of
Ions

Magnetic Properties
Paramagnetic: electron
configurations that result in unpaired
electrons mean that the atom or ion
will have a net magnetic field
Will be attracted to a magnetic field

Diamagnetic: electron configurations

that result in all paired electrons
mean that the atom or ion will have
no magnetic field
Slightly repelled by a magnetic field

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Properties
Can we predict electron configuration
from magnetic data?
Nickel is diamagnetic and palladium is
paramagnetic. What can you conclude
about their electron structures based on
this data?
Cd+2 is diamagnetic. Based on this
information, which electrons are lost
from cadmium when it ionizes?

Periodic Properties

Atomic size
Effective nuclear charge
Ionization energy
Electron affinity
Metallic Character

34

Atomic Size

Atomic Size

Atomic Size

Atomic Size

Atomic Size

39

Atomic Size

Ionic Radii
Cations radius decreases due to an
increase in Zeff
Anions radius increases due to
crowding of more electrons into shell

41

Ionic Radii

42

Ionic
Radii Cations

43

Ionic
Radii Anions

44

Relating Sizes

45

Effective Nuclear Charge,

Zeff
The amount of positive charge on the
nucleus felt by an electron
Electrons in between the nucleus and
outer electrons sheild the outer
electrons from feeling the full force of
positive charge coming from the
nucleus

46

Effective Nuclear Charge

47

Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge

Ionization Energy
The amount of energy required to
remove the outermost electron from
an isolated neutral atom in the
gaseous state

50

Ionization Energy

Ionization
Energy

Ionization Energy

53

Ionization
Energy

54

Ionization Energy
ALWAYS increases
as you pull off
more electrons
Takes a huge leap
when an electron is
removed from a
new inner shell

55

Exceptions

Example
Name the Period 3 element with the
following ionization energies (in
kJ/mol) and write its electron
configuration:
IE1

IE2

1012

1903

IE3

IE4

2910

4956

IE5
6278

IE6
22,230

Electron Affinity
The energy change that occurs when
an electron is added to an atom (or
ion) in the gaseous state
Frequently costs nothing, but actually
yields energy
Therefore, EAs are usually negative

58

Electron Affinity

59

Electron
Affinity

Metallic Character

61

Metallic Character

62

Recap

Descriptive Chemistry

Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Halogens
Nobel Gases

65

66

67

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