Lecture - 1 Steel Structures Design Philosophies

N-W.F.P.
University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Steel Structures
CE-409
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Course Content
Design philosophies
Introduction to Steel Structures
Design of Welded connections
Design of Bolted connections
Design of Tension Members
Design of Compression Members
CE-411: Lecture 01
Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Course Content
Design of Column Bases
Design of Beams
Design of Composite Beams
Design of Plate Girders
CE-411: Lecture 01
N-W.F.P. University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Lecture 01: Design Philosophies
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
4
Topics to be covered
Design philosophies
Limit States
Design Considerations
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Design process
CE-411: Lecture 01
Design Philosophies
A general statement assuming safety in
engineering design is:
Resistance Effect of applied loads ---(1)
In eq(1) it is essential that both sides are
evaluated for same conditions and units e.g.
compressive stress on soil should be
compared with bearing capacity of soil
CE-411: Lecture 01
Design Philosophies
Resistance of structures is composed
of its members which comes from
materials & X-section
Resistance, Capacity, and Strength are
somewhat synonym terms.
Terms like Demand, Stresses, and
Loads are used to express Effect of
applied loads.
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
When particular loading reaches its
limit, failure is the assumed result, i.e.
the loading condition become failure
modes, such a condition is referred to
as limit state and it can be defined as
A limit state is a condition beyond
which a structural system or a structural
component ceases to fulfill the function
for which it is designed.
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
There are three broad classification of
limit states:
1. Strength limit states
2. Serviceability limit states
3. Special limit states
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
Strength Limit States:
Flexure
Torsion
Shear
CE-411: Lecture 01
Fatigue
Settlement
Bearing
10
Limit States
Serviceability Limit States:
Cracking
Excessive Deflection
Buckling
Stability
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11
Limit States
Special Limit States:
Damage or collapse in extreme
earthquakes.
Structural effects of fire, explosions, or
vehicular collisions.
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12
Limit States
Design Approach used must ensure that
the probability of a Limit State being
reached in the Design/Service Life of a
structure is within acceptable limits;
However, complete elimination of
probability of a Limit State being
achieved in the service life of a structure
is impractical as it would result in
uneconomical designs.
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13
Structure and Structural Members should
have adequate strength, stiffness and
toughness to ensure proper functioning
during service life
Reserve Strength should be available to
cater for:
Occasional overloads and underestimation of loads
Variability of strength of materials from those specified
Variation in strength arising from quality of

workmanship and construction practices
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Structural Design must provide adequate
margin of safety irrespective of Design
Method
Design Approach should take into account

the probability of occurrence of failure in
the design process
CE-411: Lecture 01
Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
15
An important goal in design is to prevent
limit state from being reached.
It is not economical to design a structure

so that none of its members or
components could ever fail. Thus, it is
necessary to establish an acceptable level
of risk or probability of failure.
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Brittle behavior is to be avoided as it
will imply a sudden loss of load carrying
capacity when elastic limit is exceeded.
Reinforced concrete can be made
ductile by limiting the steel
reinforcement.
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17
To determine the acceptable margin of
safety, opinion should be sought from
experience and qualified group of
engineers.
In steel design AISC manuals for ASD &
LRFD guidelines can be accepted as
reflection of such opinions.
CE-411: Lecture 01
18
Any design procedure require the
confidence of Engineer on the analysis of
load effects and strength of the materials.
The two distinct procedures employed by

designers are Allowable Stress Design
(ASD) & Load & Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD).
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Allowable Stress Design

(ASD)
Safety in the design is obtained by
specifying, that the effect of the loads
should produce stresses that is a fraction
of the yield stress fy, say one half.
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(ASD)
This is equivalent to:
FOS = Resistance, R/ Effect of load, Q
= fy/0.5fy
=2
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(ASD)
Since the specifications set limit on the
stresses, it became allowable stress
design (ASD).
It is mostly reasonable where stresses
are uniformly distributed over X-section
(such on determinate trusses, arches,
cables etc.)
CE-411: Lecture 01
22

(ASD)
Mathematical Description of A S D
Rn
Rn = Resistance or Strength of the component being designed

= Resistance Factor or Strength Reduction Factor
= Overload or Load Factors
= Factor of Safety FS
Qi = Effect of applied loads

CE-411:Lecture No. 1
23

(ASD)
Mathematical Description of Allowable Stress Design
In ASD we check the adequacy of a design in terms of stresses

therefore design checks are cast in terms of stresses for
example if:
Mn = Nominal Flexural Strength of a Beam
M = Moment resulting from applied unfactored loads
FS = Factor of Safety
Mn
FS
Fy I / c
FS I / c
fb
Fy
Fb
FS
or
M
I /c
Fcr
Fb
FS
24
Section Modulus
Section Modulus:
S effect of load/Allowable stress
= M/fb ------(ii)
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ASD Drawbacks
Implied in the ASD method is the

assumption that the stress in the
member is zero before any loads are
applied, i.e., no residual stresses exist
from forming the members.
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Variation of Residual Stress

with Geometry
Material A has more Residual Stresses due to:

1. Non uniform cooling
2. Cutting a plate into smaller
pieces reveals the stresses
CE-411: Lecture 01
27
ASD Drawbacks
ASD does not give reasonable measure
of strength, which is more fundamental
measure of resistance than is allowable
stress.
Another drawback in ASD is that safety
is applied only to stress level. Loads are
considered to be deterministic (without
variation).
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Load and Resistance Factor

Design (LRFD)
To overcome the deficiencies of ASD,
the LRFD method is based on:
Strength of Materials
It consider the variability not only in
resistance but also in the effects of load.
It provides measure of safety related to
probability of failure.
CE-411: Lecture 01
29
Load and Resistance Factor

Design (LRFD)
Safety in the design is obtained by specifying that the reduced

Nominal Strength of a designed structure is less than the effect
of factored loads acting on the structure
Rn
n Qi
Rn = Resistance or Strength of the component being designed

Qi = Effect of Applied Loads
n = Takes into account ductility, redundancy and operational imp.
= Resistance Factor or Strength Reduction Factor
= Overload or Load Factors
= Factor of Safety
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The role of n
Ductility: It implies a large capacity for inelastic
deformation without rupture
Ductility will ensure

redistribution of load through
inelastic deformation.
CE-411: Lecture 01
31
The role of n
Redundancy:
1. A simply supported beam is a determinate
structure so it has no redundant actions.
2. A fixed beam is indeterminate by 2
degrees so it has two redundant actions.
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32
Redundancy
Yielding will initiate at mid span due to maximum moment at mid span
with no Redistribution of load
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Redundancy
Yielding will initiate at supports due to maximum moment at supports

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Redundancy
Redistribution of load to mid span after yielding of section at supports

CE-411: Lecture 01
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The role of n
Operational Importance:
A hospital and a school require more

conservative design than an ordinary
residential building.
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Operational Importance
hospital
park
CE-411: Lecture 01
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LRFD Advantages
LRFD accounts for both variability in

resistance and load.
It achieves fairly uniform levels of
safety for different limit states.
CE-411: Lecture 01
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LRFD Disadvantages
Its disadvantage is change in design

philosophy from previous method.
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Comparison of ASD and

LRFD Design Approaches
ASD combines Dead and Live Loads and
treats them in the same way
In LRFD different load factors are
assigned to Dead Loads and Live Loads
which is appealing
Changes in load factors and resistance
factors are much easier to make in LRFD
compared to changing the allowable
stress in ASD
CE-411: Lecture 01
40

LRFD is intrinsically appealing as it
requires better understanding of behavior
of the structure in its limit states
Design approach similar to LRFD is being
followed in Design of concrete structures
in form of Ultimate Strength Design -- why
not use similar approach design of steel
structures?
CE-411: Lecture 01
41

ASD indirectly incorporates the Factors
of Safety by limiting the stress whereas
LRFD aims to specify Factors of Safety
directly by specifying Resistance
Factors and Load Factors
LRFD is more rational as different
Factors of Safety can be assigned to
different loadings such as Dead Loads,
Live Loads, Earthquake Loads and
Impact Loads
CE-411: Lecture 01
42

LRFD considers variability not only in
resistance but also in the effects of load
which provides measure of safety related
to probability of failure
It achieves fairly uniform levels of safety
for different limit states.
ASD still remains as a valid Design
Method
CE-411: Lecture 01
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In LRFD For Tension Members:
1.2D + 1.6 L = 0.90 Rn 1.33D + 1.78 L = Rn (LRFD)
In ASD Factor of Safety FS = 1.67, Therefore:
1.0D + 1.0 L = Rn / 1.67 1.67D + 1.67D L = Rn (ASD)
LRFD 1.33D 1.78 L
ASD 1.67 D 1.67 L
0.8 1.07 ( L / D )
1 ( L / D)
. (A)
In LRFD For Dead Load Case:

1.4D = 0.90 Rn 1.56D = Rn (LRFD)
LRFD
1.56 D
ASD 1.67 D 1.67 L

CE-411: Lecture 01
0.93
1 ( L / D)
. (B)
44

3%
1.0
LRFD
ASD
0.93
0.9
0.8
1.2D + 1.6L
0.83
1.4D
0.7
0.12
CE-411: Lecture 01
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3
Live Load
Dead Load
45
AREA Code for Design of

Railway Structures
AREA Stands for American Railway
Engineers Association (AREA)
Railway Bridges and Structures are usually
designed using provisions of the AREA Code
AREA Code uses only the Allowable Stress
Design Method. However, the allowable
stresses and design requirements may differ
from AISC/ASD method
CE-411: Lecture 01
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AASHTO Code for Design of

Highway Bridges
AASHTO Stands for Association of American
State and Highway Transportation Officials
(AASHTO)
Highway Bridges are usually designed using
provisions of the AASHTO Code
AASHTO Code uses both ASD and LRFD
Design Methods
CE-411: Lecture 01
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The role of various Codes

It is very difficult to devise a design code that is
applicable to all uses and all types of
structures such as buildings, highway bridges,
railway bridges and transmission towers
The responsibility of infrastructure on roads,
bridges and electrical transmission towers
rests with the organization responsible for
approving, operating and maintaining these
facilities
CE-411: Lecture 01
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The role of various Codes

Uses and critical loads may be different in
different types of structures and no one
code can cater to all the different important
considerations
For above reasons different codes prevail
and will continue to do so
AISC ASD Code and LRFD Code primarily
is pertinent to Building Structures.
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Overview of LRFD Manual

Part 1: Dimensions and properties
Part 2: General Design considerations
Part 3: Design of flexural members
Part 4: Design of compression members
Part 5: Design of Tension members
Part 6: Design of members subject to
combined loading
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Part 7: Design considerations for bolts
Part 8: Design considerations for welds
Part 9: Design of connecting elements
Part 10: Design of simple shear
connections
Part 11: Design of flexible moment
connections
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Part 12: Design of fully restrained (FR)
moment connections
Part 13: Design of Bracing connections and
truss connections
Part 14: Design of Beam bearing plates,
Column base plates, anchor rods,
and column splices.
CE-411: Lecture 01
52

Part 15: Design of Hanger connections,
Bracket plates, and Crane-rail
connections
ANSI/LRFD Specifications for structural

steel Buildings.
CE-411: Lecture 01
53
Design Process
1. Functional planning
Development of a plan that will enable the structure to
fulfill effectively the purpose for which it is to be built
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
The involvement of Structural engineer in the functional planning is very imp

because an Architect can suggest a plane which is practically not possible.
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Design Process
2. Structural scheme
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Design Process
2. Structural scheme (Contd.)
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams
Deflection Considerations
ASD Commentary L3.1 suggests following Limits:
L
D
L
D
L
D
800
Fy ( Ksi )
20
800
Fy ( Ksi )
For fully stressed Beams & Girders
For Beams & Girders subject to

vibrations
For Roof Purlins
58
Design Process
3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams
Trib
u
tary
Are
a
Design Moment
Strength/Capacity Considerations
Beam
Unbraced Length
59
Design Process
3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Columns

Strength/Capacity Considerations
Tributary Area
Use of Tributary Areas and

Column Tables
60
Tributary Area
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Design Process
4. Structural Analysis - Modeling
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Design Process
4. Structural Analysis - Analysis
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
5. Design Review/ Member Modification
Must be chosen so that they will be able to resist,
within appropriate margin of safety, the forces
which the structural analysis has disclosed.
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
6. Cost Estimation
Make a tentative cost estimates for several
preliminary structural layouts.
Selection of constructional material based on:
Availability of specific material
Corresponding skilled labor
Relative costs
Wage scales
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
7. Preparation of Structural Drawings & Specifications
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Thanks
CE-411: Lecture 01
67

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N-W.F.P.

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Lecture 01: Design Philosophies

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Occasional overloads and underestimation of loads

Variability of strength of materials from those specified

Variation in strength arising from quality of

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Design Approach should take into account

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

It is not economical to design a structure

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

The two distinct procedures employed by

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Allowable Stress Design

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Allowable Stress Design

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Allowable Stress Design

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Allowable Stress Design

Rn = Resistance or Strength of the component being designed

= Overload or Load Factors

Qi = Effect of applied loads

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Allowable Stress Design

Mathematical Description of Allowable Stress Design

In ASD we check the adequacy of a design in terms of stresses

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Implied in the ASD method is the

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Variation of Residual Stress

Material A has more Residual Stresses due to:

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Load and Resistance Factor

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Load and Resistance Factor

Safety in the design is obtained by specifying that the reduced

Rn = Resistance or Strength of the component being designed

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Ductility will ensure

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Yielding will initiate at supports due to maximum moment at supports

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Redistribution of load to mid span after yielding of section at supports

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

A hospital and a school require more