by

B.GOWTHAM PATNAIK
B.PRABHU KIRAN

INDEX

INTRODUCTION
Billions of visible LEDs are produced each year.
it area is of 2mm2
The emergence of high brightness AlGaAs and
AlInGaP devices has given rise to many new
markets.
LED technology has been spurred by the
introduction of AlInGaP devices.
Recently developed AlGaInN materials have led to
the improvements in the performance of bluishgreen LEDs, which have luminous efficacy peaks
much higher than those for incandescent lamps.
This advancement has led to the production of
large-area full-color outdoors LED displays with
diverse industrial applications.

HISTORY

In 1962, when Nick Holonyak Jr. invented first visible led,

emitting red light but they are not enough to illuminate
surroundings.
hence used as indicators,seven segment displays
like(calculators,watches,tv,telephones etc..)
By mid 1970s,more colours green, yellow were
manufactured
it got somewhat succeeded with improved efficiency.
In early 1980s LED were being used for messages and
other outdoor applications. They used less power and were
ten times brighter than previous ones.
By early 1990s High brightness LED packages were
developed and were widespread used in Traffic lights.

contd.

A remarkable milestone was achieved in mid 1990s when

Dr.Shuji Nakamura of Nichia chemical Corporation invented
high brightness GaN blue LED. It was this LED that paved
path for the development of white LED when coated with
phosphor. By this technique white LEDs were produced by
1993.
This was the pre phase of the giant leap of LEDs, which
made it possible to use them for illumination by invention
and development of high power white light LEDs.
Today LEDs have reached performance levels far exceeding
previous projections. Market expectations have increased
and a wide range of applications including facade lighting,
general purpose illumination.

INSIDE THE LED

LIGHTINGS

The way these tiny blinkers

light up is far different from
the traditional counterparts
When a PN junction diode is
forward biased, the electrons
and holes move in opposite
directions.
During this free movement,an
electron may fall into hole
releasing some energy.
This energy is in the form
photon and hence light is
emitted.
This phenomenon is termed
as Electroluminescence.

LIGHT SOURCE
COMPARISION
LIGHT TYPE

LIFE TIME

Incandescent

3k

Halogen

10k

T12 fluorescent

20k

Metal halide

5k-15k

T8 fluorescent

20k

Best-in-Class Power LED

>60k

High-pressure sodium

20-24k

T5 fluorescent

20k

Low-pressure sodium

18k

LED TYPES

LEDs are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes. The color of the
plastic lens is often the same as the actual color of light emitted.
purple plastic is often used for infrared LEDs.
most blue devices have colourless housings.
Modern high power LEDs such as those used for lighting and
backlighting are generally found in surface-mount technology

LED BENIFITS
Efficiency: LEDs emit more light than incandescent light bulbs.
The Efficiency of LED lighting is not affected by shape and
size, unlike
fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using
any color filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is
more efficient and can lower initial costs.
Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2mm 2 and are easily
attached to printed circuit boards.
On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. LEDs used in
communications devices can have even faster response
times.
Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off
cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled
often.
Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather
than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.Lifetime: LEDs
can have a relatively long useful life.

FUNCTIONING,SOLDERING&CONNE
CTIVITY
Function:
1.
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes
through them.
Connecting and soldering:
1.
LEDs must be connected the correct way round,
the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or
- for cathode.The cathode is the short lead and there
may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you
can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger
electrode (but this is not an official identification
method).
2.
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering,
but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No
special precautions are needed for soldering most
LEDs.

Testing an LED

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!

It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and
burn it out.
LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick
testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V
or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!

BLUE, WHITE & RGB

LED'S

Thank You

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