Chapter1

IntroductiontoDatabases
Transparencies

Chapter1Objectives

Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).

Chapter1Objectives

TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMSenvironment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMSenvironment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.

ExamplesofDatabaseApplications

Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity

FileBasedSystems

Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.reports).

Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesitsown
data.

FileBasedProcessing

LimitationsofFileBasedApproach

Separationandisolationofdata

Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.

Duplicationofdata

Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.
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LimitationsofFileBasedApproach

Datadependence

Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.

Incompatiblefileformats

Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,andso
cannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.

FixedQueries/Proliferationofapplicationprograms
Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticularfunctions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.

DatabaseApproach

Arosebecause:

Definitionofdatawasembeddedinapplication
programs,ratherthanbeingstoredseparatelyand
independently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationofdata
beyondthatimposedbyapplicationprograms.

Result:

thedatabaseandDatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS).
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Database

Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata(anda
descriptionofthisdata),designedtomeetthe
informationneedsofanorganization.

Systemcatalog(metadata)providesdescriptionof
datatoenableprogramdataindependence.

Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofanorganizations
information.
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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

Asoftwaresystemthatenablesuserstodefine,
create,andmaintainthedatabaseandthat
providescontrolledaccesstothisdatabase.

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DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

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DatabaseApproach

Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).
Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,structuresand
anydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.

Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).
Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)ofthe
data.

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DatabaseApproach

Controlledaccesstodatabasemayinclude:

Asecuritysystem.
Anintegritysystem.
Aconcurrencycontrolsystem.
Arecoverycontrolsystem.
Auseraccessiblecatalog.

Aviewmechanism.

Providesuserswithonlythedatatheywantorneed
touse.

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Views

Allowseachusertohavehisorherownviewof
thedatabase.

Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.

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Views

Benefitsinclude:
Reducecomplexity;
Providealevelofsecurity;
Provideamechanismtocustomizetheappearance
ofthedatabase;
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpictureofthe
structureofthedatabase,eveniftheunderlying
databaseischanged.

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

Hardware

CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.

Software

DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.

Data
Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.
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ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

Procedures
Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.

People

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RolesintheDatabaseEnvironment

DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(LogicalandPhysical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)

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HistoryofDatabaseSystems

Firstgeneration

HierarchicalandNetwork

Secondgeneration
Relational

Thirdgeneration

ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented
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AdvantagesofDBMSs

Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamountofdata
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale
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AdvantagesofDBMSs

Balancedconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityandresponsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices

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DisadvantagesofDBMSs

Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure

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