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2014
Agenda
Fundamental of Energy
Gas Introduction and the Sources
Gas and The Processing Technology
Gas Products and the Implementation
Gas Business Prospect
Transportation and Distribution of LNG
Risk assessment of LNG Terminal
Future concept of Energy Distribution
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FUNDAMENTAL OF ENERGY
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ENERGY
ENERGY
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Conventional
- Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Coal
- Nuclear
Unconventional (exsamples)
- Oil Shale
- Natural Gas hydrates in marine sediment
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Forms of Energy
The Five main forms of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical
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Energy Conversion
Energy can be changed from one to another
Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversion
All forms of energy can be converted into other forms
- The suns energy through solar cells can be converted directly
into
electricity
- Green plants convert the suns energy (electromagnetic) into
starches
and sugars ( chemical energy)
Other Energy Conversion
- In a electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to
mechanical energy
- The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical
energy in a generator
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Methane
Benzene
Butadiene
Cyclo-Hexane
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Sources of Gas
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Chemical
Structure
Heating
Value
(BTU/scf)
Heating
Value
(BTU/scf)
40 95 (%
mole)
CH4
1010
23571
Ethane
2 12 (%
mole)
C2H6
1769.6
22181
Propane
1 6 (% mole)
C3H8
2516.1
21489
Butane
0.2-2.5 (%
mole)
C4H10
3251.9 3262.3
21079
21136
Pentane
0.2 1 (%
mole)
C5H12
4000.9
4008.9
20891 20923
Hexane plus
0.2 - 1 (%
mole)
C6H14 (+)
4755.9
20783
0.5 80 (%
mole)
CO2
Nitrogen
0.1-5
N2
Hydrogen
Sulphur
0 12000
(ppm)
H2S
637.1
6897.4
Constituent
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
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Unit
GAS PIPELINE
LPG
CNG
LNG
Ambient
Ambient
ambient
-160
PRESSURE
Barg
20 - 70
4- 16
200 - 250
0.25 - 2
DENSITY
kg/m3
17 - 66
500-550
200 - 247
435-460
Gas
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
BTU/scf
950 -1200
2800-3000
950 -1200
1000 - 1200
TEMPERATURE
PHASE
HEATING VALUE
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Nomenclature
MMSCFD (Million metric Standard Cubic Feet per Day)
Is a unit of gas flow rate measured at the standard state at P = 14.7 psi and T 60 degrees F
Nomenclature (2)
UNIT OF PARAMETER
MASS
VOLUME
DENSITY
1
1
1
1
:
:
:
:
m3
kg
barrel
Gallon(US)
35.31 ft3
2.2 lb
0.16 m3
3.79 liter
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LNG
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LNG
Colorless Liquid
Boiling Liquid
In LNG, ordinary material will became so
brittle and break like gas
LNG requires special low temperature
material for storage
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= 19 20 Ton
1 m3 (LNG)
1 MMSCF
= 40 46 m3
1 m3
1 MMSCF
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LNG (MMBTU)
(*)
LNG (MMSCF)
(*)
1 TON (LPG)
43.65
+/- 0.0397
1 KL (DIESEL)
36.72
+/- 0.0334
1 KL (MFO)
39.29
+/- 0.0357
1 KL (KEROSEN)
33.27
+/- 0.0302
1 KL (GASOLINE)
30.55
+/- 0.0278
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LNG Process
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GAS BUSINESS
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Law OF Energy
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Capital intensive
Onshore and transportation needs
Good demand market is essential
Steady and large supply of reserves
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Commercial structure
Facilities and shipping (optimized and dedicated)
Quality risk buyer assumes with high take-or-pay commitment
Price risk seller Oil indexed pricing (because no gas market) needs
endorsement by buyers regulatory and political structure
Neither side has incentive to defect with energy market value movements
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Purpose
Supply project: to ass ure credit-worthy revenue stream
Demand project: to assure reliable non-oppoutunistic supply
Costly to sellers
destination restrictions limit arbitrage
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TERIMAKASIH
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