COMMUNICAT

COMMUNICAT
ING
ING
Lecture 7

Whatis
iscommunication?
communication?
What

It is a process of sharing information

through symbols, including words and
messages.

Functionsof
ofcommunication
communication
Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Information function
Motivation function
Control function
Emotive function

AristotelianModel
Modelof
of
Aristotelian
Communication
Communication
COMMUNICATO
COMMUNICATO
R
R
(sender)
(sender)

MESSAGE

LISTENER
LISTENER
(receiver)
(receiver)

SENDER
SENDER
Develops idea
Develops idea

The
The
Communicati
Communicati
onProcess
Process
on

encodes
encodes

Transmits
Transmits
message
message

RECEIVER
RECEIVER
Receives message
Receives message
decodes
decodes
Accep
Accep
ts or
tsreject
or
reject
s
s

feedbac
feedbac
k

Organizational
Organizational
Communication:AA
Communication:
LinkingProcess
Process
Linking

The information flow is essential to an

organizations effectiveness. Several
studies have shown that many
work-related problems are
caused by poor attitudes
rather than by inadequate
skills and knowledge.

Channels:
Channels:
DownwardCommunication
Communication occurs
occurs
Downward
when
information
is
transmitted
from
when information is transmitted from
highertotolower
lowerlevels
levelsininan
anorganization.
organization.
higher
Types:
Types:
1. Job instruction
1. Job instruction
2. Job rationale statements
2. Job rationale statements
3. Policy and procedure statements
3. Policy and procedure statements
4. Feedback
4. Feedback
5. Indoctrination communications
5. Indoctrination communications

Upward communication is the flow

of opinions, ideas, complaints, and
other kinds of information from
subordinates up to managers.
1.

2.

3.

Managers need to know how their subordinates

feel about their jobs, their working conditions,
and the companys policies and procedures.
Encourages workers to discuss particular jobrelated problems that may be hindering
productivity and efficiency.
It provides managers with feedback on the
workers reactions to policy changes, development
in their departments, and other matters that
affect their attitudes and performance.

Horizontal communication or
lateral communication refers to
the flow of information among
workers on the same
organizational level.
Used for:
1. Coordinating tasks
2. Solving problems
3. Sharing information
4. Resolving conflicts
5. Developing rapport among workers

People who work closely together

and communicate regularly
rarely have difficulty
understanding one another.
Their interaction also provides
emotional support and helps
satisfy their social needs. Even
so, formal horizontal
communication channels often
do not give employees all the
information they want. As a

InformalCommunication
Communication
Informal
Channels
Channels

The rumor mill (grapevine) is the

informal communication network that is
responsible for transmitting an
astonishing 5 out of every 6 messages
in organization.
The grapevine is a natural phenomenon
that can provide social satisfaction,
power, and prestige to workers.
Messages may be factual or inaccurate.

GRAPEVI
NE

According to Keith Davis:

Spread information rapidly
Was selective in terms of
what was transmitted
Filled voids left by the formal
communications channels
Was confined to the
workplace

F
D

D
D

C
C
B

I
A

Gossip chain
A

Single strand or
chain

I
J

CC
EE
K
K
FF

HH

GG
BB
AA

Probability chain

BB
BB

II

II
DD
JJ

DD

CC
AA

FF

Cluster chain

Usingthe
the
Using
grapevine
grapevine
Because of the large volume of
information transmitted via the
grapevine, managers need to learn
to adapt to, manage, and use it
wisely. They must recognize that
the existence of a grapevine does
not necessarily mean that
something is wrong in the
organization; it is normal response
to work activity.

Barriersto
toCommunication
Communication
Barriers
1.

Personal barriers are hindrances

to effective communication arising
from a communicators
characteristics as a person. (ex.
emotions, values, poor listening
habits)

2.

Physical barriers are interferences

to effective communication occurring
in the environment where the
communication is undertaken. (envtl
factors, sound, distance)

3. Semantic barriers an
interference with the reception
of a message that occurs when
the message is misunderstood
even though it is received
exactly as transmitted.

How to overcome:
1. Use feedback
2. Repeat messages
3. Use multiple channels
4. Use simplified
language

MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEM

Is defined by Boone and Kurtz as

an organized method of
providing past, present, and
projected information on
internal operations and external
intelligence for use in decision
making.

The Purpose of MIS

1. To provide a basis for the
analysis of early warning
signals that can originate both
externally and internally.
2. To automate routine clerical
operations like payroll and
inventory reports

3. To assist managers in making

routine decisions like scheduling
orders, assigning orders to
machines, and reordering
supplies.
4. To provide information
necessary for management to
make strategic or nonprogrammed decisions.