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Although reinforced concrete has become the

material of choice for general construction,


there is a worldwide concern about its
durability. Good concrete is relatively durable
under different exposure conditions
A durable concrete which can withstand the
conditions without deterioration is the need
of the day

Concrete being a heterogeneous material, its


behavior under stresses and performance
with time is highly dependent on individual
properties and the environment to which it is
exposed in its life time. Serious deterioration
of concrete is mainly due to chemical attack
CHEMICAL ATTACK on concrete

Sulphate Attack
Alkali Silica Reaction
Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel

Rate and degree of attack depends


on..

available sulphate
presence of water
composition of the cement
characteristics of concrete

frequently in soils and ground waters


Surface deposits sodium sulphates
,magnesium sulphates and calcium sulphates
marshy grounds ,sewage

Chemical reaction
sulphate ion reacts with hydrated calcium
aluminates or the calcium hydroxide
components

Products
ettringite and gypsum

Result
Development of stresses
Magnesium sulphate is more aggressive than
sodium sulphate and it operates in separate
reaction that can be destructive
This possible second reaction may account for
cases of deterioration

During this process, expansive


compounds form over long periods of
time
Expansion fissures, intensify the action
by weathering and freeze thaw cycles

aggregate and cement type


Water cement ratio
moisture condition of the concrete while
in service

Reaction siliceous minerals in aggregates and


OH- ions in the Cement paste
Alkali's ( from cement , mixing water
environment) increase OH- ion concentration
in the concrete
Gel expands ,generating pressures cracking
Damage invisible to the naked eye for years

Use of low alkali cements


Use of Blended cements fly ash,
natural pozzolans, calcined clay , silica
fume ,slag,lithium admixtures

Ca(OH)2 pH 13 ,prevents the corrosion forms


a thin protective film of iron oxide
Passive iron oxide layer destroyed - ph
11and carbonation lowers pH about 9
Corrosion expansion, cracking and eventually
Spalling of the cover

Electro-chemical action ,when two dissimilar


metals are in electrical contact in the
presence of moisture and oxygen
The process takes place in steel alone,
because of differences in electro chemical
potential on the surface

permeability of concrete
low water cement ratio
adequate cement
aggregate size and grading
use of admixtures
reinforcing bar coatings and cathode
protection

Controlling the risk of concrete deterioration


by chemical attack may be achieved in number
of ways i.e. by limiting the content of
reactive alkalis, reduce water cement ratio
and permeability, use of admixtures, reducing
chloride content

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