ACADEMIC WRITING/ESSAY

WRITING
Not just tracing or forming
characters, letters, words, etc. on the
surface of some material, as with
pencil, pen or other material;
In this context, it concerns a delivering
ideas into words, sentences essay (a
short literary composition on a
particular theme or subject) or paper
(longer essay);

THINKING & DESCRIBING, EXPLAINING

Just thinking
thinking without any
purpose or objectives
Critical thinking
(reasoning of
something)

INTELLECTUAL
STANDARDS

CRITICAL THINKER
Significant
Consequences &
Implications

Purpose of
Thinking
goal, objectives

Realistic

Unrealistic

Adequate

Inadequate

Clear

Points of View:
Frame of
reference,
perspective,
orientation

Interpretation &
Inference:
Conclusions,
solutions

ELEMENTS
OF
REASONING

Information:
Data, facts,
observations,
experiences

Questions at
issue:
problem

Ideas:
Concepts,
Theories,
definitions,
axioms, laws,
models

Assumptions:
Presupposition,
taking for granted

Trivial

Unclear

Precise

Imprecise

Specific

Vague

Accurate

Inaccurate

Relevant

Irrelevant

Plausible

Implausible

Consistent
Logical
Deep
Broad
Complete

Fair

Inconsistent
Illogical
Superficial
Narrow
Incomplete

Biased/One-sided

SOME IMPORTANT HINTS TO WRITE AN

ACADEMIC ESSAY:

The Question: as appeared in the title or topic of

discussion every word in the topic is a question that must
answered in the discussion.
Description: [short paragraphs] write definitions involved
in the discussion to clarify your idea or thinking; the
paragraph may be short or in the narrative form; eg. Ecosocial that refers to social gap, conflict etc.
Explanation: [lengthy paragraphs] give sufficient account,
reason or justification about related issues - eg. Place
(where it is, what is the problem), time (when daily,
monthly or frequently etc), people (how wide is the gap?
who are they involved in the conflict? Etc); discussion
should be given sufficient accounts based on facts
(newspaper, research findings etc.)
Argument, Conclusion or Thesis: [short paragraph] give
your own statement based on the previous analysis as an
argument, conclusion or thesis that clarify your position
on the matters you raised.

TITLE
DESCRIPTION: Short paragraph
Definitions, describe X . . . etc. (the WHAT)
Purpose of discussion
EXPLANATION: Longer paragraphs
Explain each definition and its interrelation to one another
Collect events related to the issues
Answer questions such as why, who, where, when in every analysis
Analyze facts as parts or functions of the issue; cause/effects,
Compare one case to another

CONCLUSION/ARGUMENT: Short paragraph

Synthesis
State and defend your position about the issue
REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY

WRITING STYLE
SIMPLE JOURNALISM simply describe
facts; there is also scientific journalism
investigating mode;
SCIENTIFIC describe facts, analysis,
your own accounts about the issue
discussed;
Explanatory
Narrative

PLAGIARISM
(Learning Center, What is Plagiarism,
http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_plagiarism.html, 19.10.08

According to the Merriam-Webster Online

Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as
one's own
to use (another's production) without crediting the
source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product
derived from an existing source.
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves
both stealing someone else's work and lying about it
afterward.

 But can words and ideas really be stolen?

According to the generally accepted law across
the world, the answer is yes.
The expression of original ideas is considered
intellectual property, and is protected by
copyright laws, just like original inventions.
Almost all forms of expression fall under
copyright protection as long as they are
recorded in some way (such as a book or a
computer file).

All of the following are considered plagiarism:

turning in someone else's work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source
without giving credit
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the
majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section
on "fair use" rules)
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing
sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been
borrowed, and providing your audience with the information
necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent
plagiarism.

CITATION
(Source: Learning Center, What is Citation,
http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_citation.html, 19.10.08)

What is citation?
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work
came from another source. It also gives your readers the information
necessary to find that source again, including:
information about the author
the title of the work
the name and location of the company that published your copy of the
source
the date your copy was published
the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Example:
Deleuze, G. and Felix Guattari, Anti-oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia,
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, p. 250
Bappeda DKI Jakarta, Permukiman Kumuh, http:
//www.bappedajakarta.go,id/jktbangun/permukiman2.html#per_kumuh, 2
Juni 2004
Bridge, G. and S. Watson, City Economies, in Bridge, G. and S. Watson
(eds.), A Companion to the City, Blackwell Publisher, 2000: 101-114, p. 104.

 Why should I cite sources?

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the
only way to use other people's work without plagiarizing. But
there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:
citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find
out more about your ideas and where they came from.
not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often
be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources.
Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for
someone else's bad ideas.
citing sources shows the amount of research you've done.
citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside
support to your ideas.

 Doesn't citing sources make my

work seem less original?
Not at all. On the contrary, citing
sources actually helps your reader
distinguish your ideas from those of
your sources. This will actually
emphasize the originality of your
own work.

 When do I need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you
need to acknowledge their source. The
following situations almost always require
citation:
whenever you use quotes
whenever you paraphrase
whenever you use an idea that someone
else has already expressed
whenever you make specific reference to
the work of another
whenever someone else's work has been
critical in developing your own ideas.

CITATION: EXAMPLES
G. Deleuze and F. Guattari in Anti-oedipus argue that
capitalism is axiomatic or self-evident. It is machines that
are driving other machines. The strength of capitalism . .
. resides in the fact that its axiomatic is never
saturated, that it is always capable of adding a new
axiom to the previous ones.[i]
[i] Deleuze, G. and Felix Guattari, Anti-oedipus: Capitalism and
Schizophrenia, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983,
p. 250.

CITATION: EXAMPLES

Penggusuran literally means an act[1] of bulldozing. As an act, it is socially or politically

associated activity. It demonstrates an activity between humans that live or inhabit the world.
Arendt[2] asserts that human plurality, or particularly the rise of social, is the basic condition
of political activity, of both action and speech. She writes,
If [humans] were not equal, they could neither understand each other and those who came before
them nor plan for the future and foresee the needs of those who will come after them. If [humans]
were not distinct, each human being distinguished from any other who is, was, or will ever be, they
would need neither speech nor action to make themselves understood. Signs and sounds to
communicate immediate, identical needs and wants would be enough.
(Authors italics)
[1] In distinguishing the terms labor, work and action, Arendt identifies that the word to act, in most
general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin (to lead and eventually to rule), to set
something into motion. Action refers to activity that goes directly between humans without the
intermediary of things or matter, corresponds to the condition of plurality. Arendt, H., Human
Condition, Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1958, p. 177.
[2] Arendt, H., op.cit. , 1958, p. 174-5.

Types of Plagiarism
(source: Learning Center,
http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/types_of_plagiarism.
html, 19.10.08)
Anyone who has written or graded a paper knows that
plagiarism is not always a black and white issue. The boundary
between plagiarism and research is often unclear. Learning to
recognize the various forms of plagiarism, especially the more
ambiguous ones, is an important step towards effective
prevention.Many people think of plagiarism as copying
another's work, or borrowing someone else's original ideas.
But terms like "copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the
seriousness of the offense:.

Sources Not Cited

"The Ghost Writer" - a professional writer who is paid to
write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that
are officially credited to another person.
The writer turns in another's work, word-for-word, as his or her
own.

"The Photocopy"
The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single
source, without alteration.

"The Potluck Paper" (the chance that whatever is

available will proof to be good or acceptable)
The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several
different sources, tweaking (small adjustment) the sentences to
make them fit together while retaining most of the original
phrasing.

Sources Not Cited

"The Poor Disguise"
Although the writer has retained the essential content of the
source, he or she has altered the paper's appearance slightly by
changing key words and phrases.

"The Labor of Laziness"

The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from
other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the
same effort on original work.

"The Self-Stealer"
The writer "borrows" generously from his or her previous work,
violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted
by most academic institutions.

Sources Cited (But Still Plagiarized)

"The Forgotten Footnote"
The writer mentions an author's name for a source, but neglects to include
specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often
masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations.

"The Misinformer"
The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it
impossible to find them.

"The Too-Perfect Paraphrase"

The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text
that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic
ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and
interpretation of the information.

 "The Resourceful Citer"

The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost
no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of
plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched
document.

"The Perfect Crime"

Well, we all know it doesn't exist. In this case, the writer properly
quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to
paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.
This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as
his or her own analysis of the cited material.

ASSIGNMENT
Two papers that represent both
journalism & scientific writing;
Topic architecture & environment
Library research - find your references
relevant to the work
Write properly any citation from the
right sources (such as, name/author,
title, publishers, year of publication,
certain page or pages if necessary)

JOURNALISM
The collecting, writing, editing, and presenting of news or
news articles in newspapers and magazines and in radio and
television broadcasts.
Material written for publication in a newspaper or magazine
or for broadcast.
The style of writing characteristic of material in newspapers
and magazines, consisting of direct presentation of facts or
occurrences with little attempt at analysis or interpretation.
Newspapers and magazines.
An academic course training students in journalism.
Written material of current interest or wide popular appeal.
[Answer.com. journalism, http://www.answers.com/topic/journalism, 11-10-09]

JOURNALISM
Is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and
comment via a widening spectrum of media.
[Wikipedia]
There are styles in jounalism such as: sports, scence,
investigative, etc.;
Writing features can be more demanding than writing
straight news stories, because while a journalist must
apply the same amount of effort to accurately gather
and report the facts of the story, he or she must also
find a creative and interesting way to write it.
The lead (or first two paragraphs of the story ) must
grab the reader's attention and yet accurately embody
the ideas of the article.