06 Nimrod MRA4 Natural Icing Trials

Knowing when to ask for help.
Nimrod MRA4 Natural Icing Programme

Nashville TN, USA - Feb 2008
Ed Townshend- Nimrod Test & Evaluation
RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

- UNCLASSIFIED
Scope
Background to Trial
Trial Planning
Trial Execution
Results
The Outcome
Lessons learnt

- UNCLASSIFIED
Background The Requirement

- UNCLASSIFIED
Background The Requirement
DRY AIR TESTS
NATURAL ICING
ICE SHAPES
ANTI ICE SYSTEM

ANTI ICE SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
PERFORMANCE
ACCRETION MODEL
FULL ENVELOPE
HANDLING
BASIC HANDLING
PERFORMANCE
ICING CLEARANCE

- UNCLASSIFIED
Background Certification Requirements

Def-Stan Requirements & JAA Guidance
DEMONSTRATE ICING PROTECTION
DEMONSTRATE ICE PROTECTION ACROSS RANGE OF

ICING CONDITIONS (APPENDIX C)
PRE DEPLOYMENT
DEMONSTRATE ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM UNDER SINGLE

FAILURE STATE
CONFIRM WEATHER
CHARACTERISATION
PROBES HAVE NO
EFFECT ON HANDLING
VALIDATE ENGINE AND AIRFRAME ICE PROTECTION

DEMONSTRATE TOLERANCE TO ICING
SYSTEM MODELS
CONFIRM ICE ACCRETION MODEL CORRECT

DEMONSTRATE BASIC HANDLING & SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE UNDER FULL AND PARTIAL PROTECTION.
CONFIRM ICE RELATED PERFORMANCE PENALTIES

- UNCLASSIFIED
Background The Aircraft
PA1 used as primary programme handling aircraft.

Fully instrumented Anti Ice System
No Mission System Radar, but standalone Weather radar fitted
Heated
Windscreen
panels
Ice detection
probe
Visual ice
accretion vane
Horizontal stabiliser
anti-icing
Engine intake
Anti-icing
Wing leading edge

anti-icing
- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Start point
Pre trial Company Military aircraft icing experience:
ZERO

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Logic
Programme Timescales
Maximise Safety
DEFINED &
UNDERSTOOD
REQUIREMENTS
IDENTIFY
MAXIMISE
EFFICIENCY
RISKS
MANAGE ICE
MINIMISE
ENCOUNTERS
EXPOSURE
TO RISKS
CERTIFICATION

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Gathering experience
HOW TO MEET
HOW TO FIND ICING
CERTIFICATION
HOW TO CAPTURE
RESULTS
REQUIREMENTS
DESIGN AUTHORITY
CONTRACT
CONTRACT WEATHER
WORKS WITH
METEOROLOGIST WITH
CHARACTERISATION
CUSTOMER EXPERTS
ICING EXPERTISE
EXPERT

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Finding Icing
Identify time of year trial programme planned

Identify list of potential venues from experience
Identify factors for scoring locations and weighting:
Daytime available
Frequency of Icing encounters within range
Base Weather / facilities
Availability of diversions
Air Traffic Density
Quality / Availability / Cost of Forecasting data
Picture courtesy of NASA
Nashville chosen from list of Prestwick, Keflavik, St Johns & Central USA
Extensive dialogue with FAA to build understanding with US ATC
- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Accurate Meteorology

Weather out of our control
Response to weather is under our control
In depth knowledge of icing weather systems

Maximise understanding of forecast
Target weather and plan Escape routes
Continue to monitor weather as it evolves
Track aircraft throughout flight
Compare route with forecast and results
Refine onward approach

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Instrumentation
Wing pylon with two instruments for droplet

diameter measurement and identification:
Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP)
2 Dimensional Cloud optical array probe (2DC)
Window mounted King Probe to measure Liquid

water content
System partially integrated into existing FTI
Existing FTI records aircraft system performance

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Instrumentation
Four video cameras mounted in windows / pylon

Window mounted periscope with camera mount for tail observation
Multiple handheld stills and video cameras for crew use
Ice depth gauges mounted on wings and tail

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Instrumented Aircraft

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Informed Meteorologist

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Communication
Traditional Open Loop method

Remaining testing
sortie plan
Weather forecast
Encounters
feedback
Conduct Test
Takeoff
Land

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Communications
THE GAP

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Communication
Traditional Open Loop method
Remaining testing
sortie plan
Weather forecast
Takeoff
Land
Closed Loop method
Remaining testing
sortie plan
Weather forecast
Encounters
feedback
Conduct Test
Takeoff
Encounters
feedback
Conduct Test
Meteorologist
Land
Weather update / PIREPS / Aircraft Location

PIREPS Pilot Icing REPorts
- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Satellite Communications

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Crew roles
10 Crew
2 pilots, Navigator, Comms to fly aircraft safely
3 FTOs to monitor icing build up and anti ice system status &
performance
1 Weather Characterisation Expert, Design Authority FTO & Customer
Representative FTO to provide on board expertise and test validation.
Second Team of 5 FTOs to enable concurrent reporting

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning - Summary
HOW TO MEET
CERTIFICATION
HOW TO
FIND
HOW TO CAPTURE
ICING
RESULTS
DESIGN AUTHORITY
CONTRACT
CONTRACT WEATHER
WORKS WITH
METEOROLOGIST WITH
CHARACTERISATION
CUSTOMER EXPERTS
ICING EXPERTISE
EXPERT
CLEAR TEST
PLAN FOR TRACKING
INSTRUMENTED
REQUIREMENTS AND
WEATHER AND A/C
AIRCRAFT TO RECORD
REQUIREMENTS
SUCCESS CRITERIA
WEATHER
- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Trial approval
Two main documents required:

Flight Test Programme document
Operational Management Plan
Trial assessed as High / Medium Risk

Concept and Safety Reviews mandated
Required approval from the Company, UK Military

Flying Regulator, & FAA

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Considered Risks

Ice accretion on unprotected surfaces not as expected
Ice accretion on protected surfaces due to poor system performance or
severe conditions
Ice induced Landing gear / flap system malfunctions
Reduced directional stability leading to increased sideslip / fin loads
Stalling with ice is new untested configuration
Engine flameout or damage due to intake ice shedding
Damage on ground due to ice shedding

- UNCLASSIFIED
Planning Logic Summary

Programme Timescales
Maximise Safety
DEFINED &
UNDERSTOOD
REQUIREMENTS
Combine knowledge of
IDENTIFY
MAXIMISESpecialists & Operators
RISKS
EFFICIENCY
MANAGE ICE
MINIMISE
ENCOUNTERS
RISKS
CERTIFICATION

- UNCLASSIFIED
Execution
Departed UK 29th Jan date set 1 year previously

Fitted External Instrumentation
Redeployed briefly to avoid Severe Weather
Flew 11 sorties over next 21 days
Flying only curtailed by:
1 day President Bush visit to storm victims

1 day servicing
1 day aircraft snag
6 days unsuitable weather
Removed external instrumentation

Arrived back in UK 4th March, again within plan

- UNCLASSIFIED
Execution Incremental Approach

Experience
Full AI = Airframe + Engine Anti Ice ON

Part AI = Airframe OFF + Engine Anti Ice ON
Appendix C completion
Part AI handling - 1.5
Full AI handling - 2.0
Part AI handling - 1.0

Dry Air Rehearsal
Full AI Systems Tests - 2.0
Part AI handling 0.5
Time
- UNCLASSIFIED
Execution Area covered

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Wing Protection On

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Wing Protection Off

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Wing and Tail

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results - Fin

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results System Failure Test

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Runback

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Probes

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Probes

- UNCLASSIFIED
Results Post flight observations

- UNCLASSIFIED
LIQUID WATER CONTENT
Results Encounter Envelope
MEAN DROPLET DIAMETER (Microns)

- UNCLASSIFIED
The Outcome
HOW TO MEET
HOW TO
CERTIFICATION
FIND
ICING
REQUIREMENTS
TASK AGREED
COMPLETE BY
ALL PARTIES
BEFORE
DEPARTURE
11 FLIGHTS
61 HOURS
21 DAYS
HOW TO CAPTURE
RESULTS
ICE WAS FOUND

AND SAFELY
CHARACTERISED
ON EVERY TEST
FLIGHT

- UNCLASSIFIED
Lessons Learnt
Get help for areas where you are lacking knowledge and experience
Planned Concept of Ops worked extremely well:
Meteorologist and Weather Characterisation experts
Satellite telephone communications
Design Authority and Customer direct involvement
GO OUT AND GATHER THE BEST POOL OF EXPERIENCE

TO GET THE BEST RESULTS

- UNCLASSIFIED
Questions

- UNCLASSIFIED

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Knowing when to ask for help.

Nimrod MRA4 Natural Icing Programme

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Background The Requirement

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Background The Requirement

DRY AIR TESTS

ANTI ICE SYSTEM

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Background Certification Requirements

DEMONSTRATE ICE PROTECTION ACROSS RANGE OF

DEMONSTRATE ICE PROTECTION SYSTEM UNDER SINGLE

VALIDATE ENGINE AND AIRFRAME ICE PROTECTION

CONFIRM ICE ACCRETION MODEL CORRECT

PERFORMANCE UNDER FULL AND PARTIAL PROTECTION.

CONFIRM ICE RELATED PERFORMANCE PENALTIES

Background The Aircraft

PA1 used as primary programme handling aircraft.

Wing leading edge

Planning Start point

Pre trial Company Military aircraft icing experience:

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning Gathering experience

HOW TO FIND ICING

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning Finding Icing

Identify time of year trial programme planned

Picture courtesy of NASA

Planning - Accurate Meteorology

In depth knowledge of icing weather systems

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Wing pylon with two instruments for droplet

Window mounted King Probe to measure Liquid

System partially integrated into existing FTI

Existing FTI records aircraft system performance

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Four video cameras mounted in windows / pylon

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning - Instrumented Aircraft

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning - Informed Meteorologist

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Traditional Open Loop method

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Weather update / PIREPS / Aircraft Location

Planning - Satellite Communications

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning Crew roles

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

PLAN FOR TRACKING

WEATHER AND A/C

Planning Trial approval

Two main documents required:

Trial assessed as High / Medium Risk

Required approval from the Company, UK Military

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning Considered Risks

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Planning Logic Summary

RAeS 4th SFTE FTSW 28 September 2010

Departed UK 29th Jan date set 1 year previously