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Classification
Group:
Group 5 (negative,
ssRNA)
Order: Unassigned
Family: Bunyaviridae
Genus: Hantavirus
Morphology
Helical nucleocapsids
Diameter 90-110 nm
3 genome segments:
M, 3-5 kb codes for 2 viral envelope glycoproteins (Gn protein, Gc protein), cleaved
from a precursor during translation
Total
These
Replication
Cytoplasmic
site of replication
1.
2.
Pathogenesis
Fatigue
Fever
Headaches
Dizziness
Chills
Coughing
Shortness of breath
Pulmonary edema
Mode of Transmission
airborne
rodent
route (mainly)
bite (rare)
contact
on contaminated surfaces
then touch their nose or mouth
food
Saaremaa,
Causes
Symptoms
Mode of
Transmission:
HFRS
HPS
Major target
organ
Kidney
Lung
First phase
Febrile
Febrile prodrome
Second phase
Shock
Shock, pulmonary
edema
Evolution
Oliguria, diureses,
convalescence
Diureses,
convalescence
Mortality
1-15%
50%
Laboratory Diagnosis
RT-PCR
Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) can be used to
detect hantaviral RNA in fresh frozen lung tissue, blood
clots, or nucleated blood cells. However, RT-PCR is very
prone to cross-contamination and should be considered an
experimental technique.
Oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of
regions of the M segment (G2 coding region) conserved
among hantaviruses and were used in a nested RT-PCR
assay to amplify hantavirus-specific DNA fragments from
RNA extracted from the tissues of patients.
Immunohistochemistry
IHC testing of formalin-fixed tissues with specific
monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be used to detect
hantavirus antigens and has proven to be a sensitive
method for laboratory confirmation of hantaviral infections.
IHC has an important role in the diagnosis of HPS in
patients from whom serum samples and frozen tissues are
unavailable for diagnostic testing and in the retrospective
assessment of disease prevalence in a defined geographic
region.
Hematology
Serological Assays
ELISA
Detect IgM antibodies to the virus and to diagnose
acute infections with other hantaviruses. This assay is also
available in some state health laboratories. An IgG test is
used in conjunction with the IgM-capture test. Acute- and
convalescent-phase sera should reflect a four-fold rise in
IgG antibody titer or the presence of IgM in acute-phase
sera to be diagnostic for hantaviral disease.
References
Wallace, R. et al. (2008). Wallace/Maxcy-RosenauLast Public Health & Preventive Medicine, 15th ed.
New York : McGraw-Hill Medical
http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/82.html
http://www.bunyavirus.org/?page_id=295
http://www.infectionlandscapes.org/2012/09/hantavi
ruses.html
http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/technical/hanta/virolo
gy.html