WATER RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT OF
PAKISTAN
IJAZ -UL-HASSAN KASHIF
SMALL DAMS ORGANIZATION
ISLAMABAD
1

INDUS
RIVER
BASIN
FROM
SPACE

WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Water Resources Management is the integrating
concept for a number of water sub-sectors

hydropower
water supply and sanitation
irrigation and drainage
environment.

An integrated water resources perspective

ensures that social, economic, environmental
and technical dimensions are taken into account
in the management and development of water
resources.
5

OVERVIEW
Pakistan is one of the worlds most arid
countries, with an average rainfall of under
240 mm a year. The population and the
economy are heavily dependent on an
annual influx into the Indus river system
(including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion
cubic meters of water, that emanates from
the neighboring countries and is mostly
derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas
6

OVERVIEW-2
The balance between population
and available water already makes
Pakistan one of the most water
stressed countries of the world
with rapid population growth it will
soon enter a condition of absolute
water scarcity

(Cubic Meters Per Capita Per Year)

DECLINING PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY

OF WATER IN PAKISTAN

WATER RESOURCES
OF PAKISTAN

Rain fall
Glacier
Ground water

10

RAINFALL
Pakistan lies in an arid and
semi arid climate zone
Sources of rainfall

Monsoon
Western disturbances

Mean Annual rainfall

Lower Indus Plain < 100 mm

Upper Indus Plain > 750 mm

Average seasonal rainfall

Kharif = 212 mm
Rabi = 53 mm
11

10 YEARS AVERAGE(1990-99)
RAINFALL OF SOME MAJOR CITIES

12

GLACIER
Catchment area of Indus basin contains some of
the largest glacier in the world outside the polar
region.
Glacier area of upper Indus catchment is abut
2250 Km2 and accounts about 80% of summer
runoff in river.
Kabul River originates from southern Hindukush
and starts rising approximately a month earlier
than Indus and fulfill the irrigation requirement of
late Rabi and early Kharif crops.
Snow melt account for more than 50% of the flow
in Jhelum River.
13

SURFACE WATER ACCOUNT

Average annual volume of water
from rainfall and snow melt
From Western Rivers
From Eastern Rivers
Diversion for irrigation
Flow to see
System losses

MAF
154.00
144.91
9.14
104.73
39.40
9.90
14

DETAIL OF SURFACE WATER AVAILABILITY

MAF

River

Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
Ravi
Sutlej
Kabul
Total

Average
Average
Average
annual flow annual flow annual flow
(1922-61) (1985-95) (2001-02)
93
23
26
7
14
26
189

62.7
26.6
27.5
5.0
3.6
23.4
148.8

48.0
11.85
12.38
1.47
0.02
18.9
92.62

15

SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES

AND CONSUMPTIONS

16

Ground Water
Total Groundwater Potential =
Groundwater Abstraction
=
Punjab
(81 % abstraction)

80 % Fresh water, 20 % Saline

Sind

55 MAF
41.5 MAF

(12 % abstraction)

23 % Fresh water & 77 % Saline

NWFP
(5 % Abstraction)
Balochistan (1.2 % Abstraction)
17

GROWTH IN USE OF
TUBEWELLS

18

GROWING ROLE OF
GROUNWATER IRRIGATION

19

DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION
SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN
Description

Average annual
withdrawals
(MAF)

Under Colonial Rule

(1850 1947)

67

Post independence
development (1947-60)

85

Indus Water Treaty 1960

108~105
20

INDUS WATER TREATY 1960

21

INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960

SALIENT FEATURES
All waters of eastern rivers namely Ravi, Beas
and Sutlej allocated to India.
All waters of western rivers namely Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab allocated to Pakistan except
some specified uses in occupied Kashmir.
Pakistan to meet the requirements of its eastern
river canals from the western rivers by
constructing suitable replacement works.
Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure
unrestricted flow of waters in the western rivers.22

INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960

SALIENT FEATURES
Either party constructing a work affecting the other party to
inform the other party at least six months in advance and
supply necessary details to enable the other party to
satisfy itself that the proposed work does not adversely
affect the other party.
Permanent Indus commission constituted to watch
implementation of the treaty and resolve by negotiations
any problem arising thereof.
Procedure for settlement of differences and disputes
outlined.
Differences and disputes first to be resolved by
negotiations by the permanent Indus commission failing
which procedure for settling such
23

INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

DAMS
i)

Terbela on River Indus.

ii)

Mangla on River Jhehlum

NEW BARRAGES
i)

Chashma Barrage on River Indus

ii)

New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum

iii)

New Marala Barrage on River Chenab

iv)

Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab

v)

New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi

vi)

Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej

24

INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

NEW LINK CANALS
i)

Chashma Jhelum Link

(C-J Link)

ii)

Taunsa Panjnad Link

(T-P Link)

iii)

Rasul Qadirabad Link

(R-Q Link)

iv)

Qadirabad Balloki Lin

(Q-B Link)

v)

Balloki Sulemanki Link II

(B-S Link II)

vi)

Trimmu Sidhnai Link

(T-S Link)

vii)

Sidhnai Milsi Bahawal Link

(S-M-B Link)

OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED.

i)

Trimmu Barrage

ii)

Balloki Barrage

25

KEY WATER INFORMATION

No. of major rivers

5 (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab,

Ravi and Satluj)

No. of major reservoirs

No. of barrages / HW / Syphons

23

No. of main canal system

45

No. of interlink canals

12

Length of canals
Length of watercourses

60800 Km
1.6 Million Km

Average canal water diversion

104.7 MAF

Groundwater abstraction

41.6 MAF

No. of tubewells

>550,000

Irrigated area
Average escapage to the sea

36 Million Acres
39.4 MAF

26

ANNUAL CANAL DIVERSION AND

ESCAPAGES TO THE SEA

27

STORAGE PER CAPITA IN DIFFERENT

SEMI ARID COUNTRIES

28

INDUS
RIVER
BASIN

29

INDUS BASIN
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM

30

LARGE
DAM IN
PAKISTAN

31

SALIENT FEATURE OF MANGLA DAM

Dam type
Height
Length
Lake Area
Catchment Area
Gross Storage Capacity
Live storage capacity
Main spillway capacity
Year of completion
Hydropower generation

Earth fill
380 ft (above riverbed)
10,300 feet
97.70 Sq. Miles
12,870 Sq. Miles
5.88 MAF
5.34 MAF
1.01 Million Cusecs
1967
1000 MW
32

RAISING OF MANGLA DAM

The capacity of Mangla Dam has
been reduced by 19.22 % due to
silting
Raising of Mangla Dam is in
progress, main features are:

Increase in height
Additional storage
Additional power

=
=
=

40 feet
3.1 MAF
1000 GWh
33

SALIENT FEATURE OF TARBELA DAM

Dam type
Height
Reservoir Area
Gross storage
capacity
Live storage capacity

Earth and rockfill

485 ft (above riverbed)
95 Sq. Miles
11.62 MAF

Main spillway
capacity
Year of completion
Power generation

6.5 Million Cusecs

9.7 MAF

1977
3,478 MW

34

35

STORAGE LOSS IN EXISTING

RESERVOIRS
Dam

Designed
Live
Storage
(MAF)

Tarbela
9.7
Mangla 5.3 / 4.75
Chashma
0.9
Total
15.9

Existing
Live
Percenta
Storage ge Loss
(MAF)
7.2
4.5
0.4
12.1

-26%
-15%
-55%
-25%
36

WATER ACCORD 1991

37

SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

Existing uses of provinces remain untouched and
protected.
N.W.F.P / Baluchistan projects which are under execution are
provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses.
Need for additional storages on the

Indus and other rivers

admitted and recognized for planned future agricultural

development.
Need for minimum escapages to sea below Kotri to check sea
intrusion

recognized. Further studies desired to establish

minimal escapage needs below Kotri.

38

SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

No restrictions on Baluchistan to develop water
resources of Indus tributaries flowing through
its area.
Need for establishing Indus river authority for
implementation of the accord recognized and
accepted.
IRSA to have headquarters at Lahore and to
have representation from the four provinces.
Sharing procedure laid down in Para 14(b) of
the accord
Provinces are free to under take new projects
within their agreed shares.
Within their allocations provinces may modify
uses both system wise and period wise.

39

APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM
BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
(MAF)

PROVINCES

KHARIF

RABI

TOTAL

PUNJAB

37.07

18.87

55.94

SINDH*

33.94

14.82

48.76

(a)

3.48

2.30

5.78

CIVIL CANALS (b)**

1.80

1.20

3.00

BALUCHISTAN

2.85

1.02

3.87

77.34

37.01

114.35

1.80

1.20

3.00

N.W.F.P

TOTAL
CIVIL CANALS (b)**

INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR

METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
** UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM STATIONS.
BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD SUPPLIES
AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED AS BELOW:
PUNJAB
SINDH
N.W.F.P. BALUCHISTAN
TOTAL:
37%
37%
14%
12%
100%

40

SHARING PROCEDURE
PARA (14) OF ACCORD.
14(a) The System Wise Allocations will be worked out
separately on ten daily basis and will be attached
with this agreement as part and parcel of it.
14(b) The record of actual Average System uses for
the period 1977-82 would form the guide line for
developing a future regulation pattern. These ten
daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to indicated seasonal allocations
of
the different canal systems and would
form
the
basis for sharing shortages and
surpluses
on all Pakistan basis.
41

APPORTIONMENT OF THE INDUS WATERS

(PROMISE AND PROSPECTS)
AN HISTORIC ACCORD: 21 MARCH 1991

MAIN FEATURES
Existing uses of all provinces to be
protected.
Allocations to different canal systems to
be worked out separately on the basis of
ten daily uses. These uses to help
determine sharing of shortages and
surpluses
42

WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991

SHARING PROCEDURE
Sindh holds that the available river supply
should be shared between Punjab and Sindh on
the basis of para (2) accord allocations reflected
in para 14(a) of the accord.
Punjab emphasizes that the relevant clause for
sharing of available river supply is para 14 (b) of
the

accord,

which

envisages

sharing

of

shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis

on the basis of average system uses 1978-82.
43

SHARE OF THE PROVINCES AS PER

WATER ACCORD 1991
Province

Kharif
(MAF)

Rabi
(MAF)

Total
(MAF)

Punjab

37.07

18.87

55.94

Sindh

33.94

14.82

48.76

NWFP

05.28

03.50

08.78

Balochistan

02.85

01.02

03.87

Total

77.34

37.01

114.35
44

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY

Comprises

Five

Members.

One

from

each

Province and one from Federal Government.

First Chairman Member Balochistan followed by
NWFP, Punjab, Sindh and Federal.
Term of Office
Chairman

One Year

Member

Three Years
45

DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA

Decisions taken by majority votes.

In case of equality of votes,
chairman exercises casting vote.
Aggrieved

party

to

approach

Council of Common Interest for

redressal.

46

WATER MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE

IRSA prepares the Forecast of Water Availability
for Kharif and Rabi crops
Based on water availability Forecast IRSA
determines Provincial shares according to Water
Accord Provisions.
Punjab prepares Canal Operation / Distribution
Programme based on its share in consultation
with Punjab Agriculture Department.
If Punjab share is short of requirements Rotational
Programme of operation of channels is prepared
and implemented by the field formations.
47

PRESENT PROJECTS

48

PAKISTAN WATER STRATEGY AND WAPDAS VISION 2025

The Pakistan Water Strategy and WAPDAs

Vision 2025 have reviewed likely future
demands and the implied requirements for
storage.
If no new storage is built, canal
diversions will remain stagnant at about 104
MAF and the shortfall will increase by about
12% over the next decade.
The Pakistan Water Strategy calculates that
Pakistan needs to raise storage capacity by 18
MAF (6 MAF for replacement of storage lost to
siltation and 12 MAF of new storage) by 2025
in order to meet the projected requirements of
134 MAF.
49

RAISING OF MANGLA DAM PROJECT

At Mangla Azad Jummu and
Location
Kashmir and District Jhelum
(Punjab)
Dam Type
Dam Earth and Rockfill
Length
11200 Ft.
Height
420 Ft.
Canal Length

0 Miles

Canal Capacity

Storage
Power
Cost
Con. Period

2.9 MAF
772 KW
1025 Million US($)
6 Years
Rs.8000 Million has been
arranged by WAPDA, through
SUKUK Bonds.
International Competitive Bidding
(ICB)
Jhelum

Status
Implementation
River

50

SABAKZAI DAM PROJECT

Location

About 2 miles (3km) upstream of Sabakzai

village Zhob Distt. Bulochistan

Dam Type
Length
Height

Dam Earth Fill Zoned Embankment

1300 Ft.
98.42 Ft.

Canal Capacity

3284

Storage

25046 AF

Area To Benefit

25000 Acres

Power
Cost
Con. Period

100 KW
19 Million US($)
3 Years

Status

Feasibility complete. PC-I Sumitted.

River

Sawar Rud Tributry Zhob

51

SATPARA DAM PROJECT

Location

About 3.74 Miles 6 KM South of

Skardu. FANA

Dam Type
Length
Height

Dam Earthfill
560 Ft.
128 Ft.

Canal Length

24.5 Miles

Canal Capacity

170

Storage

0.05 MAF

Area To Benefit 15536 Acres

Power
Cost
Con. Period

12.7 KW
36 Million US($)
4.25 Years

Status

Construction in progress.

River

Satpara Stream

52

MIRANI DAM PROJECT

Location

In the Dasht River Basin about 30

miles (48 km) West of Turbat Town
in Makran Divn of Bulochistan.

Dam Type
Length
Height

Dam Concrete Faced Rock Fill

335 Ft.
127 Ft.

Canal
Capacity

377

Storage

0.3 MAF

Area To
Benefit

33200 Acres

Cost
101 Million US($)
Con. Period 4 Years
Status

Under Construction on EPC/Turnkey

Basis

River

Dasht
53

FUTURE PROJECTS

54

INDUS AND JHELUM OFF CHANNEL STORAGE SITES

55

KALABAGH DAM
Dam Height

260 Ft.

Storage

6.18 MAF

River

INDUS

56

BASHA DIAMER DAM PROJECT

Location

About 200 miles(320 km) upstream

of Tarbela Dam.

Dam Type
Length
Height

Dam Roller Compacted concrete

3402 Ft.
909 Ft.

Canal Length

0 Miles

Canal Capacity

57

SURFACE STORAGE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM

58

SEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE CAPACITY

59

60

WATER RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT IN POTOHAR
PLATEAU OF PUNJAB
PROVINCE

61

KEY FEATURES OF POTOHAR PLATEAU

LOCATION

RAINFED AREA OF NORTHERN

PUNJAB COMPRISING DISTRICT
JHELUM .CHAKWAL, RAWAL PINDI.
ATTOCK AND ISLAMABAD

AREA

22000 Sq.Km

No. OF VILLAGES

2600

POPULATION

4.2 MILLION

ANNUAL RAINFALL 400 TO 1400 MM

TOPOGRAPHY

UNEVEN WITH STEEP SLOPES

MAIN RIVERS

INDUS & JHELUM

62

STATISTICS
Description Punjab Province Potohar plateau
Area
205345 Sq Km 24000 Sq Km
Population
74.0 Million
6.66 Million
Cultivated
10.70 M ha
1.00 M ha
Area
Irrigated
8.10 M ha
25500 ha
(75.70% of CA) (2.55% of CA)
Rain fed
2.60 M ha
0.987 M ha
(24.30% of CA) (97.45% of CA)
63

HYDROLOGY OF POTOHAR
Total basin area
No. of basins

22307 Sq. Km
6 (Soan, Haro,
Reshi, Bunha,
Kahan and Kanshi)

Average yearly runoff

Runoff Tapped
Balance runoff
available

1.88 MAF
0.22 MAF (11.70%)
1.66 MAF (88.30%)

64

Area D

In
du
s

Ri
ve
r

HarroRiver

Attock
Haro Basin

Area C

er
Riv

g
n
ora

RawalPindi

FJang

r
ve
i
R
an
o
S

er
Riv
g
n
i
L

Area A

Reshi Basin
Soan Basin
Area B

Kanshi Basin

SillRiver

SoanRiver

Chakwal

Kahan Basin

Talagang

Jhelum

Bunha Basin

Area A

lu
Jhe

iver
R
m
65

DETAIL OF DAMS
Dams Constructed by WAPDA (1962)

1 No.

Dams Constructed by ADC (1961-1972)

10 No.

Dams Constructed by Small Dams

Organization
1973-1986
1986-1995 (ADB Funded)
2000-2005

8 No.
12 No.
10 No.

Dams under construction

9 No.

Total

50 No.
66

DISTRICT WISE DETAIL OF DAMS

District
Islamabad
Rawalpindi
Attock
Chakwal
Jhelum
Total

Completed
2
6
15
12
6
41

Under construction
0
1
1
4
3
9

67

BENEFITS FROM 50 DAMS

Assured Irrigation supplies to 25500 ha of land
Drinking water supplies
22 MGD from Rawal Dam to Rawalpindi city
0.55 MGD from Khokharzer Dam to Ckakwal
City
2.5 MGD from different dams for small schemes

Flood Control
Development of Fish Culture
Improvement in environment
Ground water recharge
Recreational facilities
68

69