CASE STUDIES: Application of Equations of Motion

(N-S Equations)
N-S equations are 2nd order , nonlinear , non-homogeneous
partial differential equations . They are very difficult to solve .
Only for very limited number of cases , they can be solved in
closed form .

Flow of a Falling Film

The first example is the flow of a falling film . Consider the
Flow of a liquid at steady state along an inclined plate.

We are looking for (1) Volume flow rate

(2) Velocity profile perpendicular to the inclined plate
2

Take a control
volume from
the system

Assumptions:
(1) Constant temperature Constant density , viscosity .
(2) Laminar Flow
(3) Neglect entrance & exit effects .
3

Start from the Navier-Stokes equation

For vz :
vx=0
vz is not function of z vz is not function of y
v z
v z
v z
v z
2vz 2vz 2vz

vx
vy
vz

( 2
2 ) gz
2
t
x
y
z
z
x
y
z
0(steady state) vy=0 Assuming

vz is not function of z

uniform
pressure
2

vz

gz 0
2
x

vz
Driving force
g cos 0
2
x
Gravity only

gz

gz

cos

GDE (Governing Differential Equation)

4

2nd order , needs 2 Boundary Conditions.

v z
v z
B.C. (1) x 0, xz 0
0
0
x
x
(2) x , v z 0

From GDE
2vz
g

cos

2vz
1

g cos
2
x

,vz is a function of x only

v z dv z

x
dx

Integrate

dv z
1
g cos x c1
dx

From B.C.(1) c1=0

dv z
1
g cos x
dx

Integrate again

1
vz
g cos x 2 c2
2

From B.C. (2)

1
vz 0
g cos 2 c2
2
1
c2
g cos 2
2
1
1
2
vz
g cos x
g cos 2
2
2
1
x 2
2
vz
g cos [1 ( ) ]
2

Velocity Profile
7

When x=0 , vz=vz,max

v z ,max

g cos 2
2

1 velocity
1 v1
x 2
2
Forvaverage
z

dx

g
cos

[(
1

(
) ]dx
z
z

0
0 2

1
1 x3

g cos [ x 2 ] |0
2
3
1

g cos [ ]
2
3

1
vz
g cos 2
3

Q (v z ) w

1
g cos w 3
3
8

Flow Between Parallel Plates

Consider the flow of fluid between parallel plates .

Assumption :
(1) Constant density , viscosity
(2) Laminar flow
(3) Neglect entrance effect
9

Start from the Navier-Stokes equation

For vx :
vx is not function of x

vz=0

vx is not function of z

v x
v x
v x
v x
2vx 2vx 2vx

vx
vy
vz

( 2 2 2 ) g x
t
x
y
z
x
x
y
z
steady state

vy=0

2 v x

2
x
y

vx is not function of x

Driving force-Pressure gradient

GDE
10

B.C.

v x
(1) y 0, yx 0
0
y
(2) y , v x 0

1 PL P0

x L
2 v x 1 ( PL P0 )

2
y

11

v X 1 PL P0
(
) y c1
y

L
FromB.C.(1) c1 0
v x 1 ( PL P0 )

y
y
L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2
vx

y c2
2
L

12

From B.C. (2)

1 ( PL P0 ) 2
0

c2
2
L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2
c2

2
L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2 1 ( PL P0 ) 2
vx
y

2
L
2
L
1
2
2 ( PL P0 )
vx
(y )
2
L

13

At y=0 , vx=vx,max

v x ,max

PL P0
1
2

( )
2
L

2
PL P0
1

For average
velocity
v x vx dy
0
3
L

2 w 3 PL P0
For volume
Q flow
rate
3
L
14

Flow through a Circular Tube

Consider the fully developed flow of a fluid in a along tube of

Length L and radius R .

Some assumptions
(1) Constant density and viscosity
(2) Laminar Flow
(3) Neglect entrance effect

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Start from the Navier-Stokes eq in cylindrical coordinate

r
r
z
Area=2rL
vr=0

L
Area=2(r+ r)L

vz not function of z

v z
v z v v z
v z

1 v z
1 2vz 2vz
vr

vz

[
(r
)
2 ] gz
2
t
r
r
z
z
r r r
r2
z

steady state v=0

vz not function of vz not function of z

1 v z
0

(r
) g
GDE , Driving force
z
r r r
1 v z

gravity+pressure gradient

(r
)
g
r r r
z
16

v z
0
B.C. (1) r 0,
r

r R, v z 0

17

 v z
r P
(r
)
g
r r
z
P P0
v z
1
(r
) (r L
g )

r r

L
Integrate
v z 1 PL P0 r 2
r
(
gr ) c1
r
L
2
From B.C. (1) c1=0

v z 1 PL P0 r 2
r
(
gr )
r
L
2

v z 1 PL P0 r
(
g )
r
L
2
18

Integrate again

From B.C.(2)

1 PL P0 r 2
vz (
gr ) c 2

L
4
1 PL P0 R 2
0 (

gr ) c 2

L
4
1 PL P0 R 2
c2 (

gr )

L
4

1 PL P0 r 2
1 PL P0 R 2
vz (
gr ) (

gr )

L
4

L
4
PL P0
R2
r 2
v z (
gr )( )[1 ( ) ]

L
4
R

Velocity Profile

19

At r=0 , vz=vz,max

v z ,max

PL P0
R2
(
g )( )
L
4

2
2 R
P

P
1
R
For average velocity
L
0
vz
v

r
drd

(
g )
z
2 0 0
L
8
R

P
For volumePflow
rate

R
0
( L
g ) (
)
L
8

R4
1

Hagen-Poiseuille Law
20

Creeping flow around a solid sphere

Consider the flow of an incompressible fluid about a solid sphere.

The fluid approaches the sphere upward along the z-axis with a
uniform velocity v

Assumptions
(1) Const ,
(2) V is 0
(3) Very slow flow (

Dv

, Reynolds number < 1)

21

Start from the Navier-Stokes equations in sphere coordinates(r, , )

For r-component
Acceleration terms=0 due to very slow flow
v

v r
v r v v r
v r
(
vr

t
r
r r sin

v2 v2
r

0 v=0

P
2
2 v
2
2 v
2

( v r 2 v r 2
2 v cot 2
) g r
r
r
r r
r sin

22

 : known as nabla or del is the vector differential operator .

For Cartesian coordinate

i
j k
x
y
z
2 known as Laplacian operator

2
2
2
2 2 2
x
y
z
2

For spherical coordinate

1
1

r
r
r sin
2
23

For the component

Acceleration terms=0

v
v v v
v v r v
(
vr

t
r
r r sin
r

v2 cot

r
V=0

v
1 P
2 v r
2 cos v
2

( V 2
2
2
) g
2
2
r
r r sin r sin
For continuity equation
const
v=0
1
1

2
2
( r v r )
( v sin )
( v ) 0
t r r
r sin
r sin

24

G.D.E.
1 2
1

(r v r )
(v sin ) 0
2
r sin
r r
P
2
2 v
2
2

( v r 2 v r 2
2 v cot ) g r 0
r
r
r r
v
1 P
2 v r
2

( v 2
2
) g 0
2
r
r r sin

3 eqns , 3 unknowns (P , vr , v)

25

Solve the above equations , we obtain

3 v R 4
r
( ) sin
2 R r
3 v R 2
P P0 gz
( ) cos
2 R r
3 R 1 R 3
v r v [1 ( ) ( ) ] cos
2 r
2 r
3 R 1 R 3
v v [1 ( ) ( ) ] sin
4 r
4 r

26

The normal force acting on the solid surface is due to the pressure
at the solid surface , where r=R , z=Rcos

3 v
P | r R P0 gR cos
cos
2 R
2
3 v
Fn [ P0 gR cos
cos ]R 2 sin dd
0
0
2 R
Buoyant force when

Buoyant force due to

the fluid is stegnant

fluid movement

4 3
Fn R g 2Rv
3
Fn : Buoyant force on form drag

27

As the surface , there is also shear stress acting tangentially , r

We are only interested in the z-component of the shear stress ,

rsin

28

at the surface

3 v
r | r R
sin
2 R
2 3 v

Ft
sin R 2 sin dd
0
0 2 R
4Rv
Ft=friction drag

29

Total force acting upward

4 3
F R g 6Rv
3
Fs
stegnant

Stokes Law

Fk
with fluid movement

R F
(inclusions rise fast)

30