PREPARED BY:

Ahmad Ikmal Akif bin Abdul Khalil

4 UTM

2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Living organisms are made of basic units called
cells.
Living component of a cell is called protoplasm
which is consists of cytoplasm and nucleus.
The protoplasm is surrounded by a thin layer of
plasma membrane.
Both animal and plant cells have these
components.

PLANT CELLS

ANIMAL CELLS

CELL MEMBRANE

The membrane at the surface

which encloses the content of a
cell-plasma membrane.
It regulates the movement of
substances into and out of the
cytoplasm.

CELL WALL

Rigid outer layer that surrounds

the plasma membrane of plant
cells.

Functions :

1. gives shape to a plant cell

2. provides mechanical support for
plant cell
3. Protects the plant cell from
rupturing due to the excessive
intake of water.

CYTOPLASM

The region between the

nucleus and the plasma
membrane.
Contains organic and
inorganic substances and acts
as a medium for biochemical
reactions in cell.
Function : provides
substances obtained from the
external environment to the
organelles.

NUCLEUS

Appears as large,dense,spherical
organelle enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.
Contains nucleoplasm and dark
spherical structure called
nucleolus.
Function : controls all the
activities which take place in the
cell.

VACUOLE

A fluid-filled sac which surrounded

by tonoplast.
The fluid contained in a vacuole-cell
sap
Function : acts as a storage place
in a cell.
The cell sap in a vacuole supports
herbaceous plants.

MITOCHONDRIA

Appear in electron micrographs

Involved in cellular respirationreleases energy when food
substances such as glucose are
broken down with the help of
enzymes present in the
mitochondria.

RIBOSOME

Compact spherical organelles

found attached to the surface of
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Functions :

1. Synthesis protein
2. Use information carried by the
chromosomes to make these
proteins

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Two types of emdoplasmic reticulum:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
transports proteins made by the ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum the site
of important metabolic reactions,including
synthesis of lipids and detoxification of
drugs and poisons.

GOLGI APPARATUS

LYSOSOMES

Consists of a stack of flattened

membranous sacs

Are membrane-bound sacs that

contain hydrolytic enzymes.

Function : processing, packaging

and transporting centre of
carbohydrates, proteins,
phospholipids and glycoproteins.

These enzymes digest or break

down complex organic molecules
such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Also digest bacteria by breaking
down the bacteria cell wall.

CENTRIOLES

Are a pair of small cylindrical

structures located just outside the
nucleus.
Are composed of a complex
arrangement of microtubules.

CHLOROPLAST

Typically lens-shaped
Chloroplasts contain the green
pigment which is called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll traps sunlight and
converts light energy into chemical
energy during photosynthesis.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE

OF ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
SIMILARITIES

ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

Nucleus

Present

Present

Cytoplasmic
streaming

Present

Present

Ribosomes

Present

Present

DIFFERENCES
ANIMAL CELLS

PLANT CELLS

Chloroplast

Animal cells don't have

chloroplasts

Plant cells have

chloroplasts

Plasma Membrane

Yes; only cell membrane

Yes; cell wall and a cell

membrane

Centrioles

Always present

Only present in lower

plant forms

Lysosomes

Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm

Lysosomes usually not

evident.

Vacuole

One or more small

vacuoles (much smaller
than plant cells).

One, large central

vacuole taking up 90% of
cell volume.

Shape

Round

Rectangular

Cell wall

None

Yes

RELATING THE DENSITY OF CERTAIN

ORGANELLES WITH THE FUNCTIONS OF
SPECIFIC CELLS
TYPES OF CELLS

SPERM CELLS

FLIGHT MUSCLE CELLS

IN INSECTS AND
BIRDS
CELLS IN THE
MERISTEMS
MESOPHYLL PALISADE
CELLS

FUNCTIONS

Require large amounts of

energy to propel towards
the uterus and Fallopian
tube during fertilisation
Contract and relax to enable
movements and flight
To enable cells in the
meristem divided by mitosis
process
Absorb sunlight during
photosynthesis

ORGANELLES FOUND
ABUNDANTLY IN THE
SPECIFIC CELLS
Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Chloroplasts